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FLASHYPASSYRMT > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q 
1. The ability of a single cytokine to alter the expression
of several genes is called
a. redundancy.
b. pleiotropy.
c. autocrine stimulation.
d. endocrine effect.
A

B

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2
Q
  1. Which of the following effects can be attributed to IL-1?
    a. Mediation of the innate immune response
    b. Differentiation of stem cells
    c. Halted growth of virally infected cells
    d. Stimulation of mast cells
A

A

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3
Q 
3. Which of the following precursors are target cells
for IL-3?
a. Myeloid precursors
b. Lymphoid precursors
c. Erythroid precursors
d. All of the above
A

D

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4
Q

A lack of IL-4 may result in which of the following effects?

a. Inability to fight off viral infections
b. Increased risk of tumors
c. Lack of IgM
d. Decreased eosinophil count

A

D

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5
Q
  1. Which of the following cytokines is also known as the T-cell growth factor?
    a. IFN-γ
    b. IL-12
    c. IL-2
    d. IL-10
A

C

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6
Q
  1. Which of the following represents an autocrine effect of IL-2?
    a. Increased IL-2 receptor expression by the Th cell
    producing it
    b. Macrophages signaled to the area of antigen
    stimulation
    c. Proliferation of antigen-stimulated B cells
    d. Increased synthesis of acute-phase proteins
    throughout the body
A

A

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7
Q
  1. IFN-α and IFN-β differ in which way from
    IFN-gamma?
    a. IFN-α and IFN-β are called immune interferons,
    and IFN-gamma is not.
    b. IFN-α and IFN-β primarily activate macrophages,
    whereas IFN-gamma halts viral activity.
    c. IFN-α and IFN-β are made primarily by
    activated T cells, whereas IFN-gamma is made
    by fibroblasts.
    d. IFN-α and IFN-β inhibit cell proliferation, whereas
    IFN-gamma stimulates antigen presentation by
    class II MHC molecules.
A

D

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8
Q
  1. A patient in septic shock caused by a gram-negative
    bacterial infection exhibits the following symptoms:
    high fever, very low blood pressure, and disseminated
    intravascular coagulation. Which cytokine is the most
    likely contributor to these symptoms?
    a. IL-2
    b. TNF
    c. IL-12
    d. IL-7
A

B

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9
Q
  1. IL-10 acts as an antagonist to what cytokine?
    a. IL-4
    b. TNF-α
    c. IFN-gamma
    d. TGF-β
A

C

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10
Q

Which would be the best assay to measure a specific cytokine?

a. Blast formation
b. T-cell proliferation
c. Measurement of leukocyte chemotaxis
d. ELISA testing

A

D

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11
Q
  1. Selective destruction of Th cells by the human
    immunodeficiency virus contributes to immune
    suppression by which means?
    a. Decrease in IL-1
    b. Decrease in IL-2
    c. Decrease in IL-8
    d. Decrease in IL-10
A

B

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12
Q

Why might a colony stimulating factor be given to a cancer patient?

a. Stimulate activity of NK cells
b. Increase production of certain types of leukocytes
c. Decrease the production of TNF
d. Increase production of mast cells

A

B

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13
Q
  1. Which of the following would result from a
    lack of TNF?
    a. Decreased ability to fight gram-negative bacterial
    infections
    b. Increased expression of class II MHC molecules
    c. Decreased survival of cancer cells
    d. Increased risk of septic shock
A

A

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14
Q 
14. Which cytokine acts to promote differentiation of
T cells to the Th1 subclass?
a. IL-4
b. IFN-α
c. IL-12
d. IL-10
A

C

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15
Q
  1. What is the major function of T regulatory cells?
    a. Suppression of the immune response by
    producing TNF
    b. Suppression of the immune response by
    inducing IL-10
    c. Proliferation of the immune response by
    producing IL-2
    d. Proliferation of the immune response by
    inducing IL-4
A

B

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16
Q 
16. Th17 cells affect the innate immune response by
inducing production of which cytokines?
a. IFN-γ and IL-2
b. IL-4 and IL-10
c. IL-2 and IL-4
d. TNF-α and IL-6
A

D

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17
Q

(i.e., affecting the same cell

that secreted it)

A

autocrine stimulation

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18
Q

(i.e., affecting a target cell in

close proximity) activities.

A

paracrine

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19
Q

(i.e., systemic)

A

endocrine

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20
Q

cytokines released from lymphocytes were called

A

lymphokines,

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21
Q

cytokines released from monocytes and macrophages were

called

A

monokines

22
Q

cytokines secreted by leukocytes that

mainly act on other leukocytes were called

A

interleukins

23
Q

means that a single

cytokine can have many different actions

A

Pleiotropy

24
Q

When different cytokines
activate some of the same pathways and genes, it is
called

A

redundancy.

25
Q

IL-6 and IL-11 use the gp130 subunit as part of their

receptors

A

EXAMPLE OF REDUNDANCY

26
Q

Cytokines often act in networks; if the effects complement

and enhance each other, these are called

A

synergy

27
Q

one cytokine may counteract

the action of another cytokine is called

A

antagonism

28
Q

cytokine secreted by a specific type of cell can activate target cells to produce additional cytokines. For example, activated T helper (Th) cells secrete IFN-gamma, which in turn activates macrophages to secrete IL-12, which then activates The cells to produce other cytokines.

A

Cascade induction

29
Q

In extreme circumstances, massive overproduction and
dysregulation of cytokines produce hyperstimulation of the immune
response or , _______________, a condition commonly referred
to as cytokine storm.

A

hypercytokinemia

30
Q

The main function of the innate

the immune response is to recruit effector cells to the area.

A

True

31
Q

Cytokines involved in triggering this response are interleukin-1 (IL-1), TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokines, transforming
growth factor-β, and interferons α and (β.

A

TRUE

32
Q

IL-1α and IL-1β are proinflammatory cytokines

produced by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

A

true

33
Q

IL-1α and IL-1β exhibit the same activities
in many test systems and share about 25% sequence
homology

A

TRUE

34
Q

IL-1α remains within the cells that produce
it and is rarely found outside these cells. IL-1α can be released after cell death and can help attract inflammatory cells to areas
where cells and tissues are being killed or damaged.

A

TRUE

35
Q

IL-1 induces the production of __________ molecules as well as _____________. These chemokines and cell-adhesion
molecules attract and assist leukocytes to enter the inflamed area through a process known as ______, which is the passage
of leukocytes through the walls of the blood vessels into the tissues

A

vascular cell-adhesion, chemokines, and IL-6, diapedesis

36
Q

induced lysis in tumor cells

A

Tumor Necrosis Factors

37
Q

TNF-α production is the presence of lipopolysaccharide,

which is found in gram-_______ bacteria.

A

negative

38
Q

decrease in blood pressure
reduced tissue perfusion and disseminated intravascular
coagulation AND uncontrolled bleeding

A

large amounts of TNF secreted in response to gramnegative

bacterial infections

39
Q

TNF-α, in particular, causes the blood vessels to become more permeable, resulting in dangerously low blood pressure. As the platelet count drops, excessive bleeding occurs from every orifice in the body.

A

The Role of Cytokine Storm

in Ebola Virus Infection

40
Q

It is the primary mediator of

TNF-α signal transduction in most cell types

A

TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1)

41
Q

is usually
expressed in epithelial cells and cells of the immune system and
is activated by the membrane-bound form of TNF-α.

A

TNFR2

42
Q

_______ are a family of cytokines that enhance motility
and promote migration of many types of white blood cells
(WBCs) toward the chemokine source via a process known as
chemotaxis.

A

Chemokines

43
Q

The first group—the
alpha, or _____, chemokines—contains a single amino acid
between the first and second cysteines.

A

CXC

44
Q

The second group—

the beta, or ______, chemokines—has adjacent cysteine residues

A

CC

45
Q

The third group—the ______chemokines—lacks one of the cysteines.

A

C

46
Q

______, the last major group, has three amino acids

between the cysteines

A

CX3C

47
Q

The transforming growth factor- (TGF- ) superfamily is

composed of three isoforms: _______________

A

TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3.

48
Q

it acts as a control to help downregulate the

inflammatory response when no longer needed

A

Transforming Growth Factor-β

49
Q

interfere

with viral replication

A

Interferon-α and Interferon-β

50
Q

There

are three main subclasses of Th cells: __________________________AND ________________

A

T helper 1 (Th1),

T helper 2 (Th2), and T regulatory (Treg) cells.

FLASHYPASSYRMT (4 decks)

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