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medical techonology 2nd year 3rd shiftings > Cytogenetics > Flashcards

Cytogenetics Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The study of whole sets of chromosomes.

A

Karyology

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2
Q

Show lesser differences between smaller and larger chromosomes in a set.
Has more:
Metaphase chromosomes
No advanced features

A

Symmetric Karyotype

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3
Q

Show larger differences between smaller and larger chromosomes in a set.
Has more:
Acrocentric chromosomes
Relatively advanced features

A

Asymmetric Karyotype

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4
Q

1, 3, 16, 19, 20

A

Metacentric

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5
Q

2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, X

A

Submetacentric

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6
Q

13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, Y

A

Acrocentric

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7
Q

A Russian scientist
Suggested that in flowering plants, there is a predominant trend toward karyotype asymmetry

A

G.A Levisky

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8
Q

Dark-stained (tightly-packed)

A

Heterochromatin

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9
Q

Light-stained (loosely-packed)

A

Euchromatin

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10
Q

Methyaltion

A

Tightly Packed (Heterochromatin).

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11
Q

Histone Acetylation

A

Loose Packing (Euchromatin)

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12
Q

Glacial acetic acid with methanol proportion

A

1:3

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13
Q

Glacial acetic acid with methanol
Which is Fixative ?

A

Methanol

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14
Q

What top tube used for karyotyping ?

A

Green top

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15
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Potassium chloride (alternative: sodium citrate)

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16
Q

Culture medium
Allows lymphocytes to grow/proliferate.

A

RPMI with Fetal Bovine Serum

17
Q

Induces mitosis; kickstart to mitosis.
Removes RBCs

A

Phytohemagglutinin

18
Q

Arrest mitosis at metaphase stage.

A

Colcemid/colchicine

19
Q

Stain for karyotyping

A

Giemsa Stain

20
Q

Used to digest chromosomes so they stain better.
Improves activity of the stain

A

Trypsin

21
Q

Antibiotics to prevent contamination.

A

Penicillin + streptomycin

22
Q

What blood is used in Karyotyping ?

A

Venous Blood

23
Q

Culture medium

A

RPMI, FBS, with antibiotics

24
Q

Step 1 for Karyotyping

A
  • The collected blood will be grown in vitro by adding cell culture growth medium, fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) – the reagent that induces mitotic activity.
  • The cultured blood cells will be grown at 37°C (body temperature) incubator for 3 days
25
Q

Step 2 for Karyotyping

A

Addition of pre-warmed colcemid (also known as colchicine), the reagent that arrests the cell cycle at the metaphase stage, into the culture and incubate for 15 mins
Centrifuge the tube at 1000 RPM for 10 mins and the cell pellet was resuspended in warm hypotonic solution (can be KCl or sodium citrate) and the solution was mixed.
Incubate at room temperature for 15 mins.

26
Q

Step 3 for Karyotyping

A

Fixing the Cells
The cell suspension in hypotonic state will be centrifuged at 1200 RPM for 5 mins.
The cell pellet will be treated with a fixative solution (absolute methanol:glacial acetic acid [3:1]) or Carnoy’s fixative and will be centrifuged at 1200 RPM for 5 mins.
The process will be repeated 3x and the final addition of fixative solution will require incubation at 4°C for 10 mins.

27
Q

Step 4 for Karyotyping

A

Making the Chromosome Slides
5 or 6 cold slides will be layered next to each other in a paper towel.
2 or 3 drops of the samples will be dropped onto each slide and dry spontaneously.
The slide will be stained by GTG-banding (G-bands by Trypsin using Giemsa), the most common method of

28
Q

Step 5 for Karyotyping

A

Slide Analysis
Slides that will be chosen for analysis and visualization must be:
**Properly-trypsinized chromosomes
Clearly-defined metaphase spreading
**

29
Q

GC-rich region

A

Euchromatin

30
Q

AT-rich region

A

Heterochromatin

31
Q

What are always used for chromosome banding studies

A

Metaphase chromosomes

32
Q

Giemsa stain
AT-rich regions stain darker than GC-rich regions
Hetero: dark
Eu: Light

A

G-banding

33
Q

Quinacrine fluorescent dye stains AT-rich regions
Hetero: Dark
Eu: Light

A

Q-banding

34
Q

Opposite to G-banding
Hetero: Light
Eu: Dark

A

R-banding

35
Q

Stains heterochromatic regions close to the centromeres using a strong alkali.
Barium hydroxide
Denatures the AT-rich regions.
Hetero: dark
Eu: Light
Usually stains the entire long arm of the Y chromosome

A

C-banding

36
Q
  • Chromosome
  • Stained with quinacrine mustard
  • Subjected to UV light
  • Banding pattern
  • Used when G-band is not accepted.
  • Used in the study of chromosome heteromorphism.
A

Q-banding

37
Q

Superior banding pattern for plants.

A

N-banding

38
Q
  • Used in the identification of bands rich in sulfur content.
  • Used in the identification of chromosomal abnormalities.
  • Gene Mapping
  • Treated with Giemsa
  • Not used in plants.
A

G-Banding

39
Q
  • Identification of chromosomes particularly in insects and plants.
  • Identification of bivalents at diakinesis using both centromere positions.
  • Paternity testing
  • Gene Mapping
A

C-Banding

medical techonology 2nd year 3rd shiftings (7 decks)

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