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Gen Med Unit 6 > CXR > Flashcards

CXR Flashcards

1
Q

How does air look on an xray?

A

Black

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2
Q

How does fat look on an xray?

A

Grey

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3
Q

How does bone look on an xray?

A

White (more white than soft tissue)

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4
Q

How does soft tissue look on an xray?

A

White

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5
Q

What accounts for the different colors on an xray?

A
  1. The less dense the area, the more photons pass through and the blacker the resulting image
  2. Least dense to most dense: air, fat, soft tissue, bone
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6
Q

What density are most tumors?

A

soft tissue density (white)

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7
Q

What color are abnormal air pockets?

A

Still black

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8
Q

When a lung is too back or too white, what abnormalities are suspected?

A
  1. Too black: abnormal gas collection

2. Too white: tumor or infection

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9
Q

What color are healthy lungs?

A

The lungs are dark grey. They are not completely black bc they contain some soft tissue elements like blood vessels

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10
Q

Define contrast resolution

A

Refers to our ability to see different structures bc they differ in density

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11
Q

Where can tumors hide in the chest so they are undetectable on xray due to poor contrast resolution?

A

Mediastinum

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12
Q

Define silhouette sign

A

Loss of the normal interface between the lungs and adjacent soft tissue

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13
Q

What does the presence of the silhouette sign mean?

A
  1. An abnormality is present

2. Helps localize the abnormality

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14
Q

If the interface at the right atrium is lost, where is the abnormality located?

A

Right middle lobe

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15
Q

If the interface at the left ventricle is lost, where is the abnormality located?

A

Lingula of left lung

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16
Q

If the interface at the left lung and diapraghm is lost, where is the abnormality located?

A

Left lower lobe

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17
Q

What can cause increased lung density?

A
  1. Consolidation
  2. atelectasis
  3. nodules/masses
  4. effusion
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18
Q

What is consolidation? How does it affect lung density and volume?

A
  1. consolidation occurs when air is replaced with soft tissue and the lung turns white
  2. Lung volume remains the same
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19
Q

What processes replace lung with soft tissue?

A
  1. pneumonia
  2. bleeding
  3. PE from heart failure
  4. Cancer
20
Q

Define atelectasis. How does it affect lung density and volume?

A
  1. The air has been removed form the lung, leaving only the soft tissue elements like blood behind
  2. Lung turns white (increased density)
  3. Decreased volume
21
Q

What are bronchograms? What condition are bronchograms found in?

A
  1. Normally the bronchi are poorly visible on xray bc they are too thin. If they are filled with fluid, the bronchi are visible against the soft tissue density background
  2. Consolidation
22
Q

What causes atelectasis?

A
  1. passive
    A. Caused by a mass or PE pushing on a lung causing decreased lung volume
  2. adhesive
    A. Results from inadequate surfactant (respiratory distress of the newborn)
  3. cicatrical
    A. volume loss due to scarring after infection or radiation
  4. obstructive
    A. Mass like cancer obstructing a bronchus. Air distal to the obstruction is resorbed
23
Q

How is a mass differentiated from consolidation?

A

Mass has well defined borders, consolidation is diffuse

24
Q

What causes lung masses?

A

Lung cancer, congenital anomaly, pneumonia. depends on history

25
Q

What is the difference between a nodule and a mass?

A

Nodule: 3cm

26
Q

Define pleural effusion

A

A fluid collection in the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura

27
Q

How are pleural effusions recognized?

A

Conforms to the anatomy of the pleural space. Tend to be peripheral and cause blunting of the cvangles (menisucus appearance)

28
Q

What causes pleural effusion?

A

Cancer, infection, heart failure

29
Q

What is bilateral symmetrical perihilar opacity with small bilateral effusions?

A

Almost invariably left heart failure

30
Q

What are the possible causes of a completely opacified hemithorax? How are they differentiated?

A
  1. Atelectasis: mediastinum shifts toward atelectasis to compensate for the volume lost by the lung
  2. massive pleural effusion: mediastinum shifts away from effusion
31
Q

What happens to the lung volume in a completely opacified hemithorax?

A

The lung is deflated

32
Q

How is obstructive atelectasis treated?

A

removal of obstruction

33
Q

How is pleural effusion treated?

A

Thoracentesis

34
Q

What causes decreased lung density?

A
  1. Pneumothorax
  2. Pneumomediastinum
  3. Pneumopericardium
  4. Pulmonary cavitation
35
Q

Where is the air located in a pneumothorax?

A

In the pleural space

36
Q

What happens to the mediastinum in a tension pneumo?

A

Pushed away from the pneuo

37
Q

How is a tension pnuemothorax treated?

A

chest tube

38
Q

Where is a pneunothorax located in a supine pt?

A

Air rises over the diapraghm in the lateral sulcus (deep sulcus)

39
Q

Define bulla

A

A thin walled, well defined area greater than 1 cm where normal lung has been destroyed and replaced by air. Roughly sphereical in shape

40
Q

How are skin folds differentiated from pleural lines?

A

Skin folds are thicker, and may extend into the opposite hemithorax

41
Q

What causes pneumothoraces?

A
  1. Central line puncture
  2. trauma
  3. rib fracture
  4. barotrauma
  5. Spontaneous, tall thin adolescent males
  6. Bleb rupture
42
Q

Define pneumomediastinum. How does it appear on xray?

A
  1. Abnormal air collection in mediastinum

2. Streaks of air in the mediastinal area often extending into the neck. May have continuous diaphragm sign

43
Q

What is a continuous diaphragm sign?

A

Air is entrapped between the heart and diaphragm, causing you to be able to see an uninterrupted diaphragmatic line across the chest

44
Q

What causes a pneumomediastinum?

A
  1. Rupture of esophagus, trachea or tracheobronchial tree

2. Rupture of overinflated alveoli (most common) in asthmatics, vomiting, or vigorous valsalva maneuver

45
Q

Define pneumopericardium and its causes

A
  1. Air in the pericardium

2. trauma, surgery, infection with gas forming bacteria, positive pressure ventilation

46
Q

When does a pulmonary cavity occur? Etiology?

A
  1. A portion of the lung is destroyed and replaced by air after erosion into a bronchi
  2. cancer, infections, vasculitis
47
Q

How can a bulla and cavity be differentiated?

A

Bulla is usually smooth and thin walled, seen in emphysema

Cavities are thick walled with irregular borders, seen in TB

Gen Med Unit 6 (14 decks)

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