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Semester 2 - Cardiovascular System > CVS S3 - Early development of the heart > Flashcards

CVS S3 - Early development of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

How does lateral folding of the embryo contribute to development of the CVS?

A

Creates primitive heart tube from two endocardial tubes

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2
Q

How does cephalocaudal folding of the embryo contribute to development of the CVS?

A

Moves the heart tube into the thoracic region

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3
Q

What is looping?

A

Continued elongation of the primitive heart tube results in bending

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4
Q

What happens to the cephalic end of the primitive heart tube during looping?

A

Moves ventrally, caudally and to the right

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5
Q

What happened to the caudal part of the primitive heart tube during looping?

A

Moves dorsally, cephalic ally and to the left

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6
Q

What are the main purposes of looping?

A
  • Optimises space available within pericardial cavity
  • Puts primordial of right ventricle closest to outflow tract
  • Puts primordial of left ventricle closest to inflow tract
  • Atrium closest to bulbus cordis dorsal
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7
Q

List the parts of the primitive heart tube in descending order?

A 
Aortic roots 
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus
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8
Q

What occurs to the right and left horns of the sinus venosus?

A
  • Left sinus horn recedes

- Right sinus horn is absorbed by the enlarging right atrium

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9
Q

What structures make up the developing right atrium?

A
  • Most of the primitive atrium

- Sinus venosus

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10
Q

What structures make the left atrium?

A
  • Small part of primitive atria

- Absorbs proximal parts of primitive veins

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11
Q

How are the transverse and oblique sinuses formed?

A

Transverse - formed during looping of the primitive heart tube

Oblique - formed as left atrium expands absorbing the pulmonary veins

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in gestation enabling fetal circulation to bypass the lungs

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13
Q

Describe the process of atrial septation

A
  • Septum primum grows downwards from roof of primitive atrium towards fused endocardial cushions
  • Ostium primum present before septum primum reaches the fused endocardial cushions
  • Ostium secundum forms before closing in septum primum by programmed cell death
  • Second crescent shaped septum secundum grows
  • Hole in septum secundum is the foramen ovale
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14
Q

Describe the process of ventricular septation

A
  • Muscular portion of interventricular septum grows upwards towards fused endocardial cushions
  • Small gap left is the primary interventricular foramen
  • Membranous portion closes gap
  • Connective tissue derived from the endocardial cushions grow downwards
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the conotruncal septum and how is it formed?

A
  • Separates the outflow tract of the heart into pulmonary arteries and aorta
  • Formed when endocardial cushions appear in the truncus arteriosus
  • Cushions grow towards each other
  • Twist and form a spiral septum
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16
Q

What is the fate of the sinus venosus?

A

Makes up the right atrium (except for the left horn which regresses)

17
Q

What is the fate of the primitive atrium?

A

Auricles of definitive atria

18
Q

What is the fate of the primitive ventricles

A

Left ventricle

19
Q

What are the three fetal shunts and what are their functions?

A

Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium
Ductus arteriosus - between pulmonary artery and aorta
Ductus venosus - between placenta and inferior vena cava

20
Q

What are the fates of the fetal shunts?

A

Forman ovale - Fossa ovalis
Ductus arteriosus - Ligamentum arteriosum
Ductus venosus - Ligamentum venosum

21
Q

What is the fate of the bulbus cordis?

A

Proximal 1/3 - right ventricle
Conus cordis - outflow tract of left and right ventricle
Truncus arteriosus - roots, proximal aorta and pulmonary trunk

22
Q

What are the three fetal shunts and where are they?

A

Foramen ovale - between the right and left atrium
Ductus arteriosus - between pulmonary artery and aorta
Ductus venosus - between placenta and inferior vena cava

23
Q

What causes the closure of the foramen ovale?

A
  • After birth in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium
  • Septum primum is pushed up against the septum second
  • Fossa ovalis is formed
25
Q

Describe the process that occurs after birth to close the fetal shunts

A
  • Respiration begins
  • Pressure in lungs decreases - more blood returns to the left side of the heart
  • Left atrial pressure increases
  • Foramen ovale closes
  • Ductus arteriosus contracts
  • Placental support is removed so ductus venosus closes

Semester 2 - Cardiovascular System (13 decks)

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