CVS Review Sessions 1-5

Question 1

What do post-ganglionic nerves release in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

What is the action of adrenaline in coronary muscle, skeletal muscle and liver vasculature

Answer 2

Normal body levels= Vasodilation Beta 2 receptors
Pharmacological levels = Vasoconstriction alpha 1 receptors

Question 3

What do prostaglandins do

Answer 3

Delays the fusion of ductus arteriosus, and will allow circulation to continue

Question 4

What is the left auricle

Answer 4

A small pouch formed from the primitive atrium, blood collects there in AF, causing clots which can embolise

Question 5

Best description of folding that occurs to bring the cardiac tissue into the thoracic region is

Answer 5

Cephalo-caudal folding (head to tail)

Question 6

What is tricuspid atresia

Answer 6

Cyanotic defect- when tricuspid valve fails to form, blood cannot flow from RA to RV

Question 7

When closed, the ductus venosus becomes the

Answer 7

Ligamentum teres (one of the liver ligaments)

Question 8

What is the name of the protein that calcium can bind to on the surface of SR to cause calcium release into cytoplasm

Answer 8

Ryanodine receptors - calcium induced calcium release (as massive amounts of calcium are needed to bind to Troponin C and induce contraction)

Question 9

What happens when adrenaline/noradrenaline binds to Beta 1 adrenoreceptors in the SA node

Answer 9

pacemaker potential increased to speed up heart rate

Question 10

What is severe hypertension

Answer 10

180+ or 110+

Question 11

Secondary hypertension is … and cannot be …

Answer 11

Pathological
Idiopathic

Question 12

What does ADH do

Answer 12

Insert aquaporin channels into collecting duct cell

Question 13

Which blood vessel layer contains smooth muscle

Answer 13

tunica media

Question 14

LAD supplies which aspect of heart

Answer 14

septal

Question 15

What are the branches from the arch of the aorta

Answer 15

left common carotid, left subclavian and brachiocephalic.

Question 16

The coronary arteries arise from the

Answer 16

The coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinuses, which are found on the wall of the aorta superior to the leaflets of the aortic valve.

Question 17

Chordae tendinae role

Answer 17

The chordae tendineae are connective tissue chords that attach the leaflets of the AV valves to the walls of the ventricles. They prevent the valve leaflets from flipping the wrong way (prolapse) and prevent retrograde blood flow (blood flow from the ventricles to the atria).

Question 18

The right atrium develops from which two structures of the primitive heart tube?

Answer 18

primative atrium and the sinus venosus

Question 19

In which week of development does the embryo fold?

Answer 19

4th

Question 20

At birth, the pulmonary circulation starts. What happens to left atrial pressure?

Answer 20

Increases because more blood enters the left atrium after birth

Question 21

What are the relative pressures in the atria in utero?

Answer 21

Right atrial pressure is greater than left atrial pressure as oxygenated blood from the placenta arrives to the RA via the umbilical vein draining into the IVC

Question 22

How does folding of the embryo in the 4th week change the position of the cardiogenic field?

Answer 22

Moves it caudal to the oropharyngeal membrane

Question 23

What are the remnants of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 23

fossa ovalis and ligamentum arteriosum

Question 24

Where does the coronary artery which gives rise to the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries arise from?

Answer 24

Left aortic sinus

Question 25

During exercise the physiological levels of adrenaline increases due to release from the adrenal medulla. What will be the effect of this adrenaline on vascular smooth muscle cells in skeletal muscle?

Answer 25

Activate beta 2 adrenoceptors to cause relaxation

Question 26

What channel type is responsible for the upstroke of the action potential in pacemaker cells?

Answer 26

L-type calcium channels

Question 27

Which equation correctly relates mean arterial blood pressure (maBP) to heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Answer 27

maBP = HR x SV x TPR

Question 28

What is responsible for setting the resting membrane potential in ventricular myocytes?

Answer 28

Permeability to Potassium

Question 29

name a cyanotic defect

Answer 29

tricuspid atresia