CVS Review Sessions 1-5 Flashcards
What do post-ganglionic nerves release in the parasympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
What is the action of adrenaline in coronary muscle, skeletal muscle and liver vasculature
Normal body levels= Vasodilation Beta 2 receptors
Pharmacological levels = Vasoconstriction alpha 1 receptors
What do prostaglandins do
Delays the fusion of ductus arteriosus, and will allow circulation to continue
What is the left auricle
A small pouch formed from the primitive atrium, blood collects there in AF, causing clots which can embolise
Best description of folding that occurs to bring the cardiac tissue into the thoracic region is
Cephalo-caudal folding (head to tail)
What is tricuspid atresia
Cyanotic defect- when tricuspid valve fails to form, blood cannot flow from RA to RV
When closed, the ductus venosus becomes the
Ligamentum teres (one of the liver ligaments)
What is the name of the protein that calcium can bind to on the surface of SR to cause calcium release into cytoplasm
Ryanodine receptors - calcium induced calcium release (as massive amounts of calcium are needed to bind to Troponin C and induce contraction)
What happens when adrenaline/noradrenaline binds to Beta 1 adrenoreceptors in the SA node
pacemaker potential increased to speed up heart rate
What is severe hypertension
180+ or 110+
Secondary hypertension is … and cannot be …
Pathological
Idiopathic
What does ADH do
Insert aquaporin channels into collecting duct cell
Which blood vessel layer contains smooth muscle
tunica media
LAD supplies which aspect of heart
septal
What are the branches from the arch of the aorta
left common carotid, left subclavian and brachiocephalic.
The coronary arteries arise from the
The coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinuses, which are found on the wall of the aorta superior to the leaflets of the aortic valve.
Chordae tendinae role
The chordae tendineae are connective tissue chords that attach the leaflets of the AV valves to the walls of the ventricles. They prevent the valve leaflets from flipping the wrong way (prolapse) and prevent retrograde blood flow (blood flow from the ventricles to the atria).
The right atrium develops from which two structures of the primitive heart tube?
primative atrium and the sinus venosus
In which week of development does the embryo fold?
4th
At birth, the pulmonary circulation starts. What happens to left atrial pressure?
Increases because more blood enters the left atrium after birth
What are the relative pressures in the atria in utero?
Right atrial pressure is greater than left atrial pressure as oxygenated blood from the placenta arrives to the RA via the umbilical vein draining into the IVC
How does folding of the embryo in the 4th week change the position of the cardiogenic field?
Moves it caudal to the oropharyngeal membrane
What are the remnants of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus?
fossa ovalis and ligamentum arteriosum
Where does the coronary artery which gives rise to the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries arise from?
Left aortic sinus
During exercise the physiological levels of adrenaline increases due to release from the adrenal medulla. What will be the effect of this adrenaline on vascular smooth muscle cells in skeletal muscle?
Activate beta 2 adrenoceptors to cause relaxation
What channel type is responsible for the upstroke of the action potential in pacemaker cells?
L-type calcium channels
Which equation correctly relates mean arterial blood pressure (maBP) to heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
maBP = HR x SV x TPR
What is responsible for setting the resting membrane potential in ventricular myocytes?
Permeability to Potassium
name a cyanotic defect
tricuspid atresia
