CVS learning objectives Flashcards
Classify the major components of the human circulatory system
Blood, vessels and heart
Outline the physiological functions of blood in the CVS
Transportation - O2 and CO2, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones and electrolytes
Protection - Immune response and blood clotting
Regulation - Body temp, pH and circulatory fluid volume
Describe the components of blood and its specific functions
Plasma - 90% water and 10% soluble components such as plasma proteins, gases, nutrients and electrolytes.
Cells - WBCs and platelets (granulocytes and agranulocytes)
RBC’s- Biconcave no nucleus and organelles and 97% haemoglobin for oxygen binding and spectrin protein allows for flexibility
Outline the processes of haematopoiesis
Hemocytoblasts (stem cells) made in red bone marrow differentiate into either RBCs, WBCs or platelets depending on growth factors and enzymatic reactions. Produced cells enter through blood sinusoids
List WBC disorders and briefly describe their pathology
Leukopenia - low white blood cells = risk of infection
Neutropenia - low neutrophil count = bacterial infection
Thrombocytopenia - low platelet count = less blood clot formation and higher risk of bleeding
Neutrophilia - sign of bacterial infection
Eosinophilia - sign of parasitic infection
Lymphocytosis - sign of viral infection
Monocytosis - sign of bacterial infection in tissue
Outline the processes of haematopoiesis, erythropoiesis and haemostasis
Haematopoiesis is the production of blood cellular components where hemocytoblasts differentiate into different cells depending on growth factors.
Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells. Hemopoietic stem cells that start in the bone marrow differentiate to proerythroblasts, then to erythroblasts, then reticulocytes then erythrocytes. This process is all stimulated by a drop in O2 in the blood and the formation of more erythropoietin
Haemostasis:
1- vascular spasm (clotting factors to site of injury)
2- Platelet activation (platelets stick to exposed collagen and positive feedback begins)
3- coagulation (clotting factors work together to form a mesh from insoluble fibrin)
Describe RBC and platelets disorders
Anaemia - low oxygen
Red blood cell deficiency - Lack of EPO and iron
Blood loss - Haemorrhagic
Thalassemia - RBC becomes thin and less Hb present
sickle cell anaemia - mutation in Hb causes crest shape blood cell and low O2 levels.
Polycythaemia - too many RBC in blood = risk of stroke
Describe ABO and Rhesus factor grouping of blood
Blood group A has antibody B
Blood group B has antibody A
Blood group AB has no antibodies
Blood group O has antibody A and B
Rhesus factor is where if the antigen present is D+ then they will have a positive next to their blood group
Outline the significance of blood grouping in blood transfusions.
Allows us to see who is able to donate blood to who and who is not able to receive blood from who e.g. O group can donate to any group, but can only receive blood from its own blood group.
Describe ABO and Rhesus factor grouping of blood
Blood group A has antibody B
Blood group B has antibody A
Blood group AB has no antibodies
Blood group O has antibody A and B
Rhesus factor is where if the antigen present is D+ then they will have a positive next to their blood group
Describe the types of circulations
Pulmonary circulation - heart to lungs (pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood away from heart and pulmonary vein takes oxygenated blood back to the heart)
Systemic - oxygenated blood goes to the rest of the body by arteries and deoxygenated blood back to the heart via veins.
Coronary - blood circulation within the heart
