CVS

Question 1

3 main functions of blood

Answer 1

Transportation, protection, regulation

Question 2

What are the 3 components of blood?

Answer 2

55% Plasma, 1%buffy coat, 44% solids e.g. erythrocytes

Question 3

components of blood plasma?

Answer 3

90% water, 10% soluble components e.g. plasma proteins (Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), nutrients, gases, electrolytes and metabolic wastes

Question 4

What is Haematopoiesis and where does it occur?

Answer 4

Formation of new blood cells found within red bone marrow

Question 5

What type of cell differentiates in the bone marrow to make blood cells?

Answer 5

Multipotent haematopoietic stem cells/Hemocytoblasts

Question 6

what are the 3 different pathways in which a Hemocytoblast can differentiate?

Answer 6

Thrombocytosis - Formation of platelets
Erythropoiesis - Formation of red blood cells
Leucopoiesis - Formation of white blood cells

Question 7

What is found in the buffy coats of blood?

Answer 7

WBC’s, leucocytes + platelets

Question 8

Granulocytes?

Answer 8

cells which have visible granules present under a light microscope

Question 9

Agranulocytes?

Answer 9

cells which have no visible granules present under a light microscope

Question 10

Neutrophils structure and function

Answer 10

lobed shaped nucleus (3-4 segments joined together by chromatin) . Responsible for fighting bacterial infection using HCl

Question 11

Eosinophils structure and function

Answer 11

Pinkish colour, 2 distinct lobes of nucleus joined by thick strand of chromatin. Fights against parasitic infection

Question 12

Basophils structure and function

Answer 12

Horseshoe shaped nucleus. Granules contain histamine, cells leak into tissue at site of infection (mast cells - proinflammation)

Question 13

Monocytes structure and function

Answer 13

Horse shoe shaped nucleus. When in tissue becomes a macrophage. Responsible for phagocytosis + becomes APC

Question 14

Thrombocytes structure and function

Answer 14

No nucleus + fragments.
7day life span + responsible for blood clotting

Question 15

Lymphocytes structure and function

Answer 15

Big Natural killer cells/T killer cells (equal in size to RBC) - recognise virus infected cells + kills them.
SMALL: nucleus occupies most of the cell
T -helper cells - signals B plasma cells for antibody production via interleukins/cytokines
T -suppressor cells - negative feedback to stop production of antibodies
T - cytotoxic cells - remove cancerous cells

Question 16

what does penia mean

Answer 16

deficiency

Question 17

what does philia mean

Answer 17

surplus/excess cytosis

Question 18

What can occur if you have Leucopenia, Neutropenia or Thrombocytopenia?

Answer 18

Leucopenia - too few wbc’s = risk of infection + sepsis
Neutropenia(low neutrophils) = higher risk of bacterial infections
Thrombocytopenia = risk of blood loss + autoimmune condition in children

Question 19

Types of Leucocytosis and what they are a sign of?

Answer 19

Neutrophilia - sign of bacterial infection
Eosinophilia - sign of parasitic infection
Lymphocytosis - sign of viral infection
Monocytosis - sign of bacterial infection in tissues e.g. TB

Question 20

RBC count in men v women

Answer 20

men = 4.7 - 6.1 million cells per microlitre (cells/mcL)
Women = 4.2-5.4 million cells per microlitre (cells/mcL)

Question 21

components and features of RBC’s

Answer 21

97% haemoglobin
Spectrin protein - changes structure of capillaries
Biconcave shape with no nucleus or organelles
Large SA
anaerobic ATP synthesis
reversible binding of O2

Question 22

Haemoglobins structure and function

Answer 22

Haem- red pigment bound to protein (globin)
contains 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)
One Hb transports 4 molecules of O2
Fe 2+ = prosthetic group which binds to O2

Question 23

What does Bright red blood signify?

Answer 23

Oxyhaemoglobin 98-100% saturated due to loading at the lungs

Question 24

What does dark red blood signify?

Answer 24

75-80% saturation of O2, deoxyhaemoglobin from unloading O2 around the body.

Question 25

What is the loading of CO2 to Hb called?

Answer 25

Carbaminohaemoglobin
~20% of CO2 bound to Hb