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High Yield Concepts > CVS/Cardio > Flashcards

CVS/Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Most efficient extractor of oxygen from the blood

A

Heart

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2
Q

Intracellular junctions responsible for the cardiac syncytium

A

Gap junctions

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3
Q

Substance that dilates upstream blood vessels

A

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) aka Nitric oxide (NO)

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4
Q

Most potent vasoconstrictor

A

ADH (can increase levels of Endothelin-1)

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5
Q

An increase in venous return will increase the heart rate

A

Brainbridge reflex

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6
Q

An increase in venous return will increase the stroke volume.

Basis: stretching if cardiac sarcomeres will increase contraction

A

Frank-starling mechanism

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7
Q

Hypertension
Irregular respiration
Bradycardia

Due to activation of the CNS ischemic response and baroreceptor reflex in increased ICP

A

Cushing reflex

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8
Q

Formula for Blood pressure based ob Ohm’s Law

A 
BP= CO x TPR
CO= HR x SV

TPR is synonymous with SVR and increases when arterioles vasoconstricted

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9
Q

Normal pressures at various parts of adult circulation

A 
Large arteries: <120/80 mmHg
Sytemic capillaries: 17 mmHg
Vena cava : 0 mmHg
Pulmonary artery : 25/8 mmHg
Pulmonary capillaries : 7 mmHg
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10
Q

At least 10 second pressure over the RUQ

+ response: sustained rise of >3 cm in JVP for at least 10-15 sec after release of the hand

A

Abdominojugular reflux

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11
Q

Pansystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation

Louder during inspiration and diminishes during forced expiration

A

Carvallo’s sign

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12
Q

Apical pulse is reduced and may retract in systole in CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

A

Broadbent’s Sign

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13
Q

High pitched, diastolic, decresendo blowing murmur along the left sternal border due to dilation of the pulmonary valve ring

  • occurs in Mitral Valve disease and severe Pulmonary Hypertension
A

Graham Steell Murmur

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14
Q

Condition where the murmur of Aortic Stenosis may be transmitted downward and to the apex and may be confused with the sytolic murmur of Mitral Regurgitation

A

Gallavardin Effect

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15
Q

Peripheral Signs of AORTIC REGURGITATION

A
  1. ) CORRIGAN’S PULSE: rapidly rising “WATER HAMMER” pulse that collapses suddenly as arterial pressure falls rapidly during late systole and diastole
  2. ) QUINCKE’S PULSE: capillary pulsations , alternate flushing and paling of the skin while pressure is applied to the tip of the nail
  3. ) TRAUBE’S SIGN: booming “PISTOL SHOT” sound heard over the femoral arteries
  4. ) DUROZIEZ SIGN: to-and-from murmur audible if the femoral artery is lightly compressed with steth
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16
Q

Most noninavsive marker of increased CV morbidity/mortality risk

A

LVH (Left Ventricular Hypertrophy)

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17
Q

Cornerstone in the diagnosis of acute and chronic heart disease

A

ECG

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18
Q

Ideal imaging modality for cardiac emergencies

A

2D-ECHO

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19
Q

Gold standard for imaging valve morphology and motion,detection of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, and assessment of LV cavity size, systolic function and wall thickness

A

2D- ECHO

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20
Q

Gold standard for assessing LV mass and volumes

A

MRI

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21
Q

Imaging modalities of choice for the evaluation of suspected aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection and in distinguishing between restrictive and constrictive pericarditis

A

CT scan and MRI

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22
Q

Gold standard in assessing the anatomy & physiology of the heart & associated vasculature

A

Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography

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23
Q

Triad of RUPTURED ANEURYSM

A
  1. ) Left flank pain
  2. ) Hypotension
  3. ) Pulsatile mass
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24
Q

Diagnostic triad of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) ECG Pattern

A
  1. ) Wide QRS complex
  2. ) Relatively short PR interval
  3. ) Slurring of the initial part of QRS complex ( delta wave)
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25
Triad of CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in ECG
1. ) Peaked T waves (HYPERKALEMIA) 2. ) Long QT d/t ST segment lengthening (HYPOCALCEMIA) 3. ) LVH ( sytemic hypertension)
26
3 principal features of tamponade (BECK'S TRIAD)
1. ) HYPOTENSION 2. ) SOFT/ABSENT HEART SOUNDS 3. ) JV DISTENTION with prominent x descent, absent y descent
27
Plaques that have caused fatal thromboses tend to have
- thin fibrous caps - relatively large lipid cores - high content of macrophages
28
Major determinants of myocardial O2 demand (MVO2)
- Heart rate - Myocardial contractility - Myocardial wall tension (stress)
29
Triad of BUERGER'S DISEASE
- claudication of the affected extremity - Reynaud's phenomenon - Migratory superficial vein thrombophlebitis
30
VIRCHOW'S TRIAD
- stasis - vascular/endothelial damage - hypercoagulability
31
DRESSLER'S TRIAD | Post MI Pericarditis
- fever - pleuritic pain - pericardial effusion
32
Drugs that INCREASES CONTRACTILITY
- Digoxin - Dobutamine - Milrinone
33
Drugs that REDUCES PRELOAD
- Diuretics ( furosemide) - Vasodilators ( NItrates, Hydralazine) - ACEI/ARBS
34
Drugs that REDUCES AFTERLOAD
- Diuretics ( furosemide) - Vasodilators ( NItrates, Hydralazine) - ACEI/ARBS - Beta Blockers ( Metropolol succinate, Bisoprolol, carvedilol)
35
Drug for HF: - binds to activated Na channels and blocks flow of Na ions into cardiac myocyte ( prolongs AP)
IA ( Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide) Clinical use: - Afib - Atrial flutter - V tach
36
Drug for HF: - bind to both activated and inactivated Na channels (shortens AP)
IB ( Lidocaine, Tocainide, Mexiletine) Clinical use: - Post ischemic arrhythmia - V fib - V tach
37
Drug for HF: - binds to activated Na channels ( no effect on AP)
IC (Flecainide, Encainide, Propafenone) Clinical use: - tx of severe refractory Ventricular arrythmia
38
Drug for HF: - blocks Beta 2 receptors
II ( Propanolol, Metropolol)
39
Drug for HF: - bind and block K channels ( prolongs AP)
III ( Sotalol, Ibutilide, Bretylium, Amiodarone) Clinical use: - atrial and ventricular arrythmias
40
Drug for HF: - blocks voltage gated Ca channels
IV ( Verapamil, Diltiazem) Clinical use: - Supraventricular tachycardia - rate reduction in patients with atrial fibrillation
41
Drugs in HPN: - causes Na excretion and reduction in blood volume
Diuretics
42
Drugs in HPN: - CCB, VESSELS> heart
DHT ( Dihydropyridines) - Nifedipine - Felodipine - Amlodipine
43
Drugs in HPN: - CCB, HEART> vessels
Non DHT - Verapamil - Diltiazem
44
Drugs in HPN: - decreases work load of heart
Beta blockers
45
Drugs in HPN: - blocks AT1 receptor of Angiotensin II
ARB's
46
Drugs in HPN: - notorious for drug induced cough by increasing bradykinins
ACEI
47
Drugs in HPN: - blocks aldosterone action in collecting tubules
Spirinolactone, Eplerenone
48
Drugs in HPN: - Hypertension with BPH
Alpha 1 Antagonists ( Prazosin)
49
Drugs in HPN: -maintainace for PRE ECLAMPSIA
Methyldopa
50
Physiologic basis for normal ECG tracing
- P wave : atrial depo - QRS complex: vent depo - T wave: vent repo
51
Master pacemaker of heart
SA node
52
Causes depolarization of SA node
Ca influx
53
Only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
AV node
54
Failure to increase heart rate during exercise | - <100 bpm
Chronotrophic Incompetence
55
Most common arrythmia mechanism
Reentry
56
Only reliable therapy for symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of extrinsic and reversible etiologies
Permanent pacemaking
57
Most rapid conduction in the heart
His bundle and Bundle branches
58
Most expeditious technique in the management of AV conduction block
Transcuatneous pacing
59
Most common arrythmia during extended ECG monitoring
Atrial Premature Complexes
60
Most common sustained arrythmia
Atrial Fibrillation
61
Prolongation of PR interval before dropped QRS complex
Mobiltz Type I - I gets taller
62
No prolongation of PR interval before dropped DRS complex
Mobitz Type II
63
Duration that distinguishes sustained from nonsustained ventricular tachycardia
>30 seconds
64
Most common POST MI arrythmia
Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)
65
Most common lethal POST MI arrythmia
Ventricular Fibrillation
66
Most common cause of SYSTOLIC dysfunction that leads to Left Sided HF
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
67
Most Common cause of DIASTOLIC that leads to Left Sided HF
Concentric LVH due to HPN
68
Most common cause of Right sided HF
Left sided HF
69
Earliest cardinal symptom of Left sided HF
Dyspnea
70
Earliest cardinal sign of Left sided HF
Left sided S3
71
Presentation of Left sided HF
- Dyspnea - left sided S3 - PND - MV regurgitation - inc BNP - siderophages ( Hemosiderin laden macrophages of HF cells) - Pulmonary edema ( septal edema, peribronchiolar edema)
72
Presentation of Right sided HF
- Peripheral ankle edema (HM of Right sided HF) - NVE - tricuspid regurgitation - ascites - chronic passive congestion of liver (nutmeg liver) - cardiac cirrhosis
73
Most sensitive index of cardiac function
Ejection fraction
74
Single most important bedside measurement to estimate volume status
JVP (internal jugular vein preferred)
75
Cardinal symptoms of HF
- Fatigue | - SOB
76
Most important mechanism of dyspnea in HF
Pulmonary congestion with accumulation of interstitial or intra alveolar fluid, which activates juxtacapillary J receptors
77
Only pharmacologic agents that can adequately control fluid retention in advanced HF
Diuretics
78
Major problem of Aldosterone antagonists
development of life threatening Hyperkalemia
79
Cornerstones of modern therapy for HF with a depressed EF
ACEI/ARBS and Beta blockers
80
Most common side effect of all vasodilating agents
Hypotension
81
Most commonly used inotropic agents for acute HF
Dobutamine
82
First choice for therapy in which modest inotropy & pressor support are required
Dopamine
83
Most common reason for rehospitalization in HF
Failure to meet criteria for discharge
84
Most common symptom of cor pulmonale
Dyspnea
85
Murmurs that always signify structural heart disease
Diastolic murmurs (Grade I-II systolic murmurs are usually benign)
86
- Opening snap - mid-late diastolic murmur - typical tethering and diastolic doming on 2D echo - atrial fibrillation
MITRAL STENOSIS
87
Leading cause of Mitral stenosis (MS)
Rheumatic Heart Disease
88
Pansystolic murmur, may due to Mitral valve prolapse
Mitral Regurgitation
89
Papillary muscle involved more frequently in acute MR because of single blood supply
Postmedial papillary muscle
90
Most prominent complaints in chronic sever MR
- fatigue - exertional dyspnea - orthopnea
91
Most important finding on auscultation in MVP
Mid- or late (non-ejection) systolic click
92
Most common ECG finding in MVP
Normal
93
Most common cause of midsystolic murmur in an adult
Aortic stenosis (AS)
94
Most common congenital heart valve defect
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease
95
3 cardinal symptoms of AS
- Exertional dyspnea - Angina pectoris - syncope
96
IE in Drug abusers, pulsating liver, giant C-V wave in JVP
Tricuspid regurgitation
97
Carcinoid Heart disease
Pulmonary stenosis
98
Typical clinical features of myocarditis
- young adult - progressive dyspnea and weakness days to weeks after viral syndrome - fever - mylagia
99
3rd most common parasitic infection in the world, a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy
Chaga's Disease
100
Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by the bite of
Reduviid Bug
101
African Trypanosomiasis is caused by
Tsetse fly bite
102
Most common cause of death in Diphtheria
Myocarditis
103
Time frame of peripartum cardiomyopathy
Last trimester or within the 1st 6 months after pregnancy
104
Most common toxin in chronic dilated cardiomyopathy
Alcohol
105
Temporary dilated cardiomyopathy due to stress
Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy | aka "Broken Heart" Syndrome
106
Most common reason for thyroid abnormalities in HF
Use of Amiodarone
107
Least common of the triad of cardiomyopathies
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy | - dilated, hypertrophic
108
Best characterized genetic cardiomyopathy and the common lesion found at autopsy of young athletes dying suddenly
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
109
Most common presenting symptom of HCM
dyspnea on exertion
110
Classic finding on the echocardiogram of HCM
systolic anterior motion (SAM) of mitral valve
111
Most commonly used initial therapy for HCM
- Beta blockers | - verapamil
112
Most common pathologic process involving the pericardium
Acute Pericarditis
113
Typical pain in pericarditis
worse when supine and relieved by sitting upright and leaning forward
114
Pericardial friction rub in acute pericarditis is heard most frequently at
end expiration with patient upright and leaning forward
115
Most common ECG finding in acute pericarditis
Diffuse ST segment elevation | except V1, aVL, aVR
116
3 most common cause of tamponade
- neoplastic diseases - idiopathic pericarditis - renal failure
117
Important due to the presence of cardiac tamponade consisting of greater than normal (10 mmHg) inspiratort decline in systolic arterial pressure
Paradoxical Pulse (Pulsus paradoxus)
118
Most common causes of bloody pericardial fluid
neoplasm in US | Tuberculosis in developing nations
119
Pericardial effusion in HIV is usually due to
Infection (mycobacterial) | Neoplasm (most frequently lymphoma)
120
Most common causes of pericarditis d/t neoplastic disease
extension or invasion of metastatic tumors - carcinoma of lung and breast - malignant melanoma - hematologic (lymphoma, leukemia)
121
Grossly sanguineous pericardial fluid in chronic pericarditis results mostly commonly from
- neoplasm - TB - Renal failure - slow leakage from an aortic aneurysm
122
basic physiologic abnormality in chronic constrictive pericarditis
inability of ventricles to fill because of limitations imposed by the rigid, thickened pericardium
123
Most prominent deflection in constrictive pericarditis (absent/diminished in tamponade)
Y- descent
124
The only definitive treatment of constrictive pericarditis
Pericardial resection
125
Most common of tumor of the pericardium
secondary to malignant neoplasm from or invading the mediastinum ( CA of bronchus and breast, lymphoma, melanoma)
126
Most common primary malignant pericardial tumor
Mesothelioma (from asbestosis)
127
Most common type of primary cardiac tumor in all age groups and occurring at all ages
Myxomas (90% are sproradic)
128
Most common tumor of the cardiac valves
Papillary Fibroelastomas
129
Most common cardiac tumors in infants and children
Rhabdomyomas
130
Almost all primary originating sites of cardiac metastases
cancer of the breast and lung
131
Most common primary originating sites of cardiac metastatses
breast and lung CA
132
Most often involved in metastases to the heart
Pericardium> Myocardium> Endocardium or cardiac valves
133
Central role in the diagnostic evaluation of cardiac metastases and cardiac tumors
Cardiac MRI
134
Most common form of non penetrating cardiac injury
Myocardial contusions
135
Most common valves that rupture in non penetrating cardiac injury
TV or MV ( heralded by the deveploment of a loud murmur)
136
Most serious consequence of non penetrating injury
Myocardial rupture
137
Most common vascular deceleration injury
rupture of the aorta
138
Most common cause of sudden death in contact sports ( american football)
commotio cordis
139
Most common CHD; CXR shows biventricular enlargement & dilated left atrium; most common type is membranous
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
140
Most common CHD diagnosed in adults; CXR shows dilated right atrium and right ventricle
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
141
CHD with Early Cyanosis ( R-> L shunt)
- TOF - Tricuspid atresia - truncus arteriosus - TAPVC - TGA -starts with T
142
CHD with late cyanosis ( L-> R shunt)
- ASD - VSD - PDA - AVSD
143
conversion of an initial L->R shunt into R ->L shunt
Eisenmengerization
144
CHD assoc with Congenital Rubella syndrome; "continuous machinery like murmur" - needs indomethacin to close and PGE1 to remain open
Patent Ductal Arteriosus (PDA)
145
CHD assoc w/ Turner's Syndrome
Preductal Coarctation of aorta ( CoA)
146
CHD assoc with Down Syndrome
- ASD | - Endocardal cushion defect
147
CHD assoc with Marfan syndrome
- MVP | - Aortic dissection
148
CHD assoc with offspring of diabetic moms
TGA
149
CXR shows " BOOT-SHAPED HEART" ( Coeur en Sabot); components: - subpulmonic stenosis (main determinant of severity) - RVH - VSD -overriding of aorta
TOF
150
CXR shows EGG SHAPED SILHOUETTE or EGG-ON-ITS-SIDE appearance
TGA
151
CXR shows SNOWMAN SIGN/ COTTAGE LOAF HEART
TAPVC
152
CXR shows FIGURE OF 3 sign
CoA (rib notching seen in adult or post ductal form)
153
Most common underlying cause of myocardial ischemia and injury
Obstruction of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis
154
Most common cause of anterior chest musculoskeletal pain
Costochondral and chostosternal syndromes
155
Myocardial perfusion occurs during this time
Diastole
156
Major cause of death and premature disability in developed societies
Atherosclerosis
157
Represents the initial lesion of atherosclerosis
Fatty streak
158
Major features of metabolic syndrome
- central obesity - hypergylycemia - hypertriglyceridemia - hypertension - low HDL cholesterol
159
Age when lipid screening should start (based on current ATP III guidelines)
All adults > 20 years (fasting lipid profile, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL) repeated every 5 years
160
First manuever to achieve LDL goal
Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC)
161
Ultimately causes the gravest complications of atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
162
Key feature of metabolic syndrome
Central adiposity
163
Most accepted & unifying hypothesis to describe pathophyisology of metabloc syndrome
Insulin resistance
164
Driving force behind the metabolic syndrome
Obesity
165
Primary approach to metablic syndrome
weight reduction (caloric restriction; most important component)
166
Drug of choice to lower LDL
HMG-Coa reductase inhibitors (Statins)
167
Drug of choice to lower fasting TG
Fibrates
168
Only currently available drug with predictable HDL - raising properties
Nicotinic acid
169
Most common cause of Myocardial ischemia
atherosclerotic disease of epicardial coronary artery
170
Major site of atherosclerotic disease
epicardial arteries (Most common: LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY)
171
Sites of predilection for atherosclerotic plaques to develop d/t increased turbulence
Branch points in the epicardial arteries
172
Time frame for rerversible damage in myocardium
<20 mins for total occlusion in the absence of collaterals
173
Most widely used test for both the diagnosis of IHD and estimating the prognosis
ECG stress testing
174
route of administration where absorption of nitrates is most rapid and complete
sublingual / through mucous membranes
175
Most common route in administration of nitroglycerin
Sublingual
176
Most common pathophysiologic cause of unstable angina
Plaque rupture or erosion with superimposed non occlusive thrombus
177
Only absolute contraindications to nitrate use
- Hypotension | - Sildenafil or other drugs in that class in previous 24-48 hours
178
Most important adverse effect of all antithrombotic agents
excessive bleeding
179
Most common artery involved in focal spasms of Prinzmental angina
Right Coronary artery
180
Main agents for acute episodes and to abolish recurrent episodes of Prinzmental angina
Nitrates & CCB (Nifedipine)
181
Type of necrosis seen in MI
Coagulation necrosis (preserved architecture,faded details)
182
Time frame where gross changes in MI occur
12 hours after the onset of symptoms
183
Color changes in MI
Mottling: 4 hours Bright yellow: 1 week Surrounding red granulation tissue: 2 weeks Gray-white scar: 2 mos
184
Full thickness/ Transmural ECG: ST elevation, Q waves assoc w/ increased mortality
Q wave infarction (equivalent to STEMI in Clinical medicine)
185
Partial thickness/ subendocardial; involves inner 3rd of myocardium ECG: ST depression increases risk of infarction and sudden cardiac death post MI
Non Q wave infarction (equivalent to NSTE ACS in clinical medicine)
186
Fibrinous pericarditis ( bread and butter pericarditis) post MI
Dressler's syndrome
187
Myocardial rupture post MI occurs in patients who are
1st time MI patients ( cardiac scar in those w/ previous MI prevents rupture)
188
Pivotal diagnostic and triage tool bec it is at the center of the decision pathway for management of STEMI
12L ECG
189
Most common presenting complaint in STEMI
chest pain
190
Preferred biochemical markers for MI
Cardiac specific Trop T & Cardiac specific Trop I
191
Primary cause of out-of-hospital deaths from STEMI
ventricular fibrillation
192
Primary cause of in-of-hospital deaths from STEMI
Pump failure
193
Most common clinical signs of pump failure
Pulmonary rales; S3 and S4 gallop sounds
194
Greastest delay usually occurs between
onset of pain and the patient's decision to call for help
195
Principal goal of fibrinolysis
Prompt restoration of full coronary arterial patency
196
Door-to-needle time
less than or equal to 30 min
197
Most frequent and potentially the most serious complication of fibrinolysis
Hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke: most serious complication)
198
Standard antiplatelet agent for STEMI
Aspirin
199
Standard anticoagulant agent for STEMI
Unfractionated Heparin
200
Extent of LV involvement that usually results in cardiogenic shock
infarction > 40 %
201
Usual duration of hospitalization for an uncomplicated STEMI
5 days
202
Most common complication of angioplasty
Restenosis
203
Most common thrombi found in NSTEMI (composed mainly of platelets)
White thrombi
204
Most common thrombi found in STEMI (composed of cells and fibrin)
Red thrombi
205
Most common cause of death in hypertensive patients
Cardiac
206
Second most frequent cause of death in the world
Stroke
207
Strongest risk factor for stroke
Hypertension
208
Reliable marker of CKD severity and is a predictor of its progression
Proteinuria
209
Classic symptom of Peripheral Artery Disease
Intermittent claudication
210
ABI cut off diagnostic of PAD and associated with > 50 % stenosis in at least one major lower limb vessel
ABI < 0.90
211
ABI cut off associated with elevated BP, particularly systolic BP
ABI < 0.80
212
Time of the day where myocardial infarction and stroke are more frequent
early morning hours
213
Gold standard for evaluation and identification of renal artery lesions
Contrast arteriography
214
Most common congenital cardiovascular cause of hypertension
CoA
215
BP cut off where drug therapy is recommended
>140/90 mmHg
216
Single most common effective intervention for slowing the rate of progression of hypertension-related CKD
BP control
217
Most common vascular deceleration injury
rupture of the aorta
218
Othery name for Strep pyogenes (RF)
GABHS (group a beta hemolytic strep)
219
Signs and symptoms of RF
- polyarthritis - carditis - subcutaneous nodules - erythema nodules - syndenham chorea
220
Most common initial presentation of RF
Polyarthritis
221
Most specific preentation of RF
Sydenham chorea
222
Most serious presentation of RF
Carditis
223
Manifestation of carditis in RF
- pericardial friction rub - weak heart sounds - tachycardia - arrythmia - mitral regurgitation
224
Pathologic lesion in RHD
Anitschkow cells/ caterpillar cells - macrophages containing abundant cytoplasm and round nuclei w/ slender, wavy ribbon of chromatin - may coalesce to form Aschoff Giant Cells that together w/ T cells and plasma celss form Aschoff bodies Fibrinoid Pericarditis ( Bread and butter pericarditis) MacCallum Plaques: irregular thickening of subendocardium Fishmouth/Buttonhole stenosis Mitral stenosis
225
Most common pathologic condition assoc w/ degenerative aortic aneurysms
Atherosclerosis
226
Location of 90% of syphilitic aneurysms
Proximal ascending aorta, particularly aortic root
227
Typical location of Tuberculous aneurysms
Thoracic aorta
228
Aneurysms assoc w/ Takayasu's arteritis
aneurysms of aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta
229
First test that suggests the diagnosis of a thoracic aortic aneurysm
CXR ( Widened mediastinum)
230
Harbinger of rupture and represents a medical emergency
Aneurysmal pain
231
Most common presenting complaint of aortic dissection
sudden onset of severe sharp pain
232
Usual location of aortic dissection
right lateral wall of ascending aorta
233
pathology of TAKAYASU's ARTERITIS
Panarteritis
234
pathology of GIANT CELL ARTERITIS
Focal granulomatous lesions involving the entire arterial wall
235
Initial lesion of Syphilitic Aortitis
Obliterative endarteritis
236
Buerger's Disease (Thromboangitis Obliterans) has ad definite relationship with
Cigarette smoking (especially in young male Jewish smokers)
237
Major predisposing cause of venous thrombosis
Immobilization
238
Most common cause of secondary lymphedema
Filariasis
239
Most common symptom attributable to pulmonary HPN
Exertional dyspnea

High Yield Concepts (3 decks)

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