CVS anatomy lect 1 Flashcards
where do we find the apex beat of the heart
L5icsmcl - the 5th left intercostal space at the mid clavicular line.
where do we find the base of the heart
4icsRSE, the 4th intercostal space on the right sternal edge.
where would we auscultate for the mitral valve
The Mitral area 5th intercostal space towards the apex
where would we auscultate for the tricuspid valve
The Tricuspid area 4th to 5th intercostal space, left sternal border
where would we auscultate for the pulmonary valve
The Pulmonary area 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border
where would we auscultate for the aortic valve
The Aortic area 2nd intercostal space, right sternal border
what are we looking for in a chest radiograph in terms of size
Chest radiographs are the standard way to view the heart anteriorly in the thorax.
If we see a heart that is greater than 50% of the diaphragm diameter when the chest is being inhaled then we have an enlarged heart.
It must be at inhalation as the shape of the radiograph changes in exhalation vs inhalation. As at exhalation we can see a normal heart appearing to be over 50% of the diaphragm width.
Due to the hearts orientation we see that the left atrium is infact the most posterior part of the heart.
in short we want the heart to be less than 50% of diaphragm width
why is the surface of the right atrium in two different patterns
part of the inside surface is smooth and part is rough. this is because of different embryonic developments
what are the names of the two surfaces in the right atrium
atrium proper - rough part
sinus of vena cavae - smooth part
whats the boarder between the atrium proper and the sinus of vena cava called
crista terminalis
why is the atrium proper rough in its appearance
because of the musculi pectinati being there.
whats the fossa ovalis
it is the closing over of the foramen ovalae which we used to have as a foetus
what is the foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis used to be an open passage from the right atrium to the left atrium. This is because in the foetus there was no gas exchange in the lungs - as air couldn’t be inhaled as a foetus, so the oxygenated blood we received from the placenta was then shunted from right atria to left atria. When we are born the shunt closes over and we thus get the Fossa Ovalis in the right atrium.
what vessels empty into the right atrium
the inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, the coronary sinus
what are the three parts of the tricuspid valve
the anterior cusp, the posterior cusp and the septal cusp
what valve is the most anterior of the valves
this is the pulmonary valve. it has an anterior semilunar cusp, right semilunar cusp, left semilunar cusp
what is the conus arteriosus and whats it do
There is also a domed portion superiorly in the right ventricle. This exists to ensure that blood flows towards the pulmonary valve during ventricular ejection phase. This structure is called Conus arteriosus / infundibulum/ RV outflow tract.
what drains into the left atrium
the left and right superior and inferior pulmonary veins
what are the cusps of the mitral valve called
the anterior and posterior valves
what are the cusps of the aortic valve called
the left semilunar cusp, right semilunar cusp and the posterior semilunar cusp.
what are the three layers of the heart valves
lamina fibrosa, lamina spongiosa, lamina ventricularis
describe the histology of the lamina fibrosa and the lamina ventricularis
lamina fibrosa: rich in connective tissues, mainly collagen as this helps to maintain the shape of the cusp
lamina ventricularis: mostly elastic tissues so that the valve is able to recoil back into shape
where do the coronary arteries originate from
below the left and right cusps of the aortic valve
what are the brancehs off of the right and left coronary arteries
most of the time we have a right dominant heart. so we have the posterior descending artery coming off of the right coronary artery.
then there is the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery from the left coronary artery.
