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Anatomy > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the sternal angle [angle of Louis] a useful thing to identify?

A

It tells us where the 2nd rib is and from there we can locate all the other ribs and intercostal spaces.

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2
Q

Where in relation to surface anatomy is the apex of the heart?

A

The 5th intercostal space on the mid-clavicular line.

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3
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?

A

There are 3 lobes; upper, middle, lower

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4
Q

How many fissures does the left lung have?

A

one.

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5
Q

What are the two layers that line the inner surface of the chest wall?

A

The Parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. They create a cavity which contains a serous fluid.

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6
Q

Explain the term pump handle.

A

It is the anterior and superior movement of the sternum.

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7
Q

During expiration what do the intercostal muscles do?

A

The external intercostal muscles relax and the internal intercostal muscles contract.

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8
Q

What is the diaphragm attached to?

A

The lower ribs, costal margin and the xiphisternum.

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9
Q

What muscles can aid in breathing often seen in asthma patients?

A

The neck muscles and the pectoralis muscles.

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10
Q

Which coronary vessels arise from the aorta?

A

The right and left coronary arteries.

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11
Q

Which ribs are false and what does this mean?

A

8-12 are false. 8-10 articulate with the rib above and 11-12 are floating, there is no anterior connection.

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12
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery split into and what do these branches supply?

A

The superior epigastric artery which supplies the anterior abdominal wall.
The musculophrenic artery which goes through the diaphragm and the intercostal margins.

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13
Q

Where does the right superior intercostal vein drain into?

A

The azygous vein.

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14
Q

What are the actions of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Abduction of the humerus, medial rotation of the humerus.

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15
Q

What is the general structure of the rib?

A

a rib consists of a curved shaft with a anterior end continuous with costal cartilage and a posterior end that articulates with the vertebral column, characterised by a head, neck, tubercle.

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16
Q

What are the Venae comitantes?

A

The accessory veins of the internal thoracic artery.

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17
Q

What are the three layers of the pleura?

A

The visceral pleura, the pleural cavity and the parietal pleura.

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18
Q

What are the costomediastinal recesses?

A

they are recesses at the anterior ends of the 4th and 5th intercostal space where the lingula slides in and out of.

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19
Q

What are the 4 edges of the lung?

A

Apex, a costal surface, a mediastinal surface, a diaphragmatic surface.

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20
Q

What vertebrae does the trachea correspond to?

A

C6 - T5. Larynx - Carina

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21
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

It is the area where 2 pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery and a bronchus enter the lung.

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22
Q

Which nerves run infant and behind of the root of the lung?

A

The phrenic nerve lies in front and the vagus nerve lies behind.

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23
Q

What is the gap in cartilage in the trachea called and what is its role?

A

It is the trachealis muscle [smooth] and it allows to trachea to constrict and dilate.

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24
Q

What is the carina?

A

The sharp division in the trachea to the right and left main bronchus.

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25
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there in the left and right lungs?

A

3 in the right and 2 in the left.

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26
Q

How many segmental branches are there in each lung?

A

10 in the right lung and 9 in the left lung.

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27
Q

Where does bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk occur?

A

Just below the arch of the aorta.

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28
Q

What two actions of the lungs are due to sympathetic efferent fibres?

A

Bronchodilation and vasoconstriction.

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29
Q

Where are the two lymph drainage systems in the lung?

A

The superficial plexus- lies beneath the visceral pleura.

The deep plexus - travels along the bronchi towards the hilum passing through the pulmonary nodes.

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30
Q

Whats the muscular part of the diaphragm attached to?

A

The upper lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs.
Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments.
Inner aspects of lower 6 ribs and costal cartilage and the xiphisternum

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31
Q

Where are the upper lobes of the lung using surface anatomy?

A

Anteriorly high up on the chest wall.

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32
Q

How do you identify the different structures of the hilum?

A

The bronchus has cartilage, the pulmonary arteries have a thicker wall and are more superior, the pulmonary veins are thinner and usually posterior.

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33
Q

Where does the apex of the heart lie using surface anatomy?

A

Left side 5th intercostal space on the mid clavicular line.

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34
Q

Where does the right coronary artery arise from?

A

the anterior aortic sinus.

35
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

Left Anterior Descending - then ventricular branches and septum branches.
Circumflex - left obtuse marginal artery.

36
Q

Where is the coronary sinus and what does it do?

A

it lies posterior part of the atrioventricular groove and drains blood from from the heart muscle into the right atrium.

37
Q

What artery does the middle cardiac vein accompany?

A

Posterior descending artery.

38
Q

What is the ridge that divides the smooth muscle and the musculae pectinae in the right atrium?

A

The crista terminalis.

39
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

An oval depression on the interatrial wall, due to embryology.

40
Q

What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

Anterior, posterior, septal.

41
Q

What is the role of the chordae tendonae?

A

Connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve cusps they prevent the valve cusps from being everted during systole.

42
Q

what is the septomarginal trabecular?

A

[Moderator Band] It is a muscular ridge extending from the the intreventricular septum to the base of the papillary muscles. It slows down the electrical impulses.

43
Q

Outline the properties of the aortic orifice.

A

the aortic valve, 3 semilunar aortic cusps, 1 anterior, 2 posterior. thicker than cusps of pulmonary valves to cope with increased pressure.

44
Q

What are the 4 layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium, visceral layer, parietal layer, pericardial cavity.

45
Q

What are the two sinuses of the pericardium and where do they lie?

A

Transverse sinus - lies between aorta and pulmonary trunk, venae cavae and atria behind.
Oblique sinus - space behind the left atrium.

46
Q

What is the pericardium innervated by?

A

phrenic, vagus, and the sympathetic trunk.

47
Q

which pulmonary artery passes inferiorly to the arch of the aorta?

A

The left pulmonary. It passes anteriorly to the descending aorta. the right pulmonary artery passes posteriorly to the arch of the aorta..

48
Q

What are the three branches off the arch of the aorta in order?

A

The brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, the left subclavian.

49
Q

what are the two nerves that cross the arch of the aorta?

A

the Left phrenic and the Left vagus.

50
Q

Where does the descending aorta lie?

A

Lies on the left side of the vertebral column and curves to the right as it descends to lie infront of the vertebral column.

51
Q

Where does the oesophagus lie in relation to the descending aorta?

A

anteriorly.

52
Q

What veins form the brachiocephalic vein?

A

The subclavian and internal jugular veins.

53
Q

When does the superior vena cava receive the azygous vein?

A

immediately before entering the pericardium.

54
Q

outline the properties of the azygous vein.

A
  • enters the thorax through the aortic opening.
  • receives the lower 8 posterior intercostal veins.
  • hemiazygous veins receive left side and drain into the azygous vein.
55
Q

outline the properties of the thoracic duct.

A
  • Starts at the cysterna chilli in the abdomen and enters the neck lying on the left border of oesophagus.
  • in neck arches left enters the junction between subclavian and internal jugular veins.
  • carries lymph from whole body apart from anything on right and superiorly of the thorax.
56
Q

Where is the phrenic nerved formed?

A

in the cervical plexus.

C3 C4 C5

57
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate.

A

The diaphragm, the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum.

58
Q

Where does the right vagus travel?

A

lies on the trachea, crosses behind root of lung, branches at the oesophagus forming the oesophageal plexus. Leaves the thorax with the oesophagus and through the diaphragm as the posterior vagal trunk.

59
Q

where does the left vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm?

A

The anterior vagal trunk.

60
Q

Where is an easy place to find the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

The ligamentum arteriosum, the fibrous connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

61
Q

how many ganglia are there in the sympathetic chain.

A

eleven. the ganglia are closely related to the intercostal nerves.

62
Q

What are the names of the three splanchnic nerves?

A

greater lesser and least. they come from the thoracic ganglia and supply the abdominal viscera.

63
Q

3 main functions of the upper airways.

A
  • temperature control of inspired air
  • humidity control of inspired air.
  • filter and defence function from foreign particles.
64
Q

Whats the difference between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx?

A

naso lies behind the nasal cavity.

The oro lies behind the oral cavity.

65
Q

What are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

The stylopharyngeus and the salpingopharynegeus.

66
Q

state the 3 constrictor muscles and describe their structure.

A

Inferior, middle, superior. they overlap one another like building shoots to move in a continuous movement by pharyngeal raphes. they are attached to the pharyngeal tubule, the Eustachian tube and the medial pterygoid plate.

67
Q

what is Killian’s dehiscence?

A

The area on the posterior pharyngeal wall between the lower part of the inferior constrictor and the cricopharyngeus. It is the weakest part of the pharyngeal wall.

68
Q

What is the pharyngeal isthmus?

A

The opening in the floor between the soft palette and the posterior pharyngeal wall.

69
Q

What is the lateral wall of the laryngeal pharynx formed by?

A

thyroid cartilage and thyrohyoid cartilage.

70
Q

Which nerves supply each part of the pharynx?

A

naso - maxillary
oro - glossopharyngeal
laryngeal - internal laryngeal branch of vagus.

71
Q

outline the characteristics of the thyroid cartilage.

A
  • largest of the larynx
  • has 2 laminae that meet in middle to form Adams apple.
  • posterior border extends up to superior Cornu and down to inferior Cornu.
72
Q

What is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

small pyramid shaped cartilage at the back of the pharynx that connects to the vocal ligaments and attaches to the cricoarytenoid muscles.

73
Q

State the characteristics of the cricoid cartilage.

A
  • hyaline cartilage shaped like signet ring.
  • it has facets for articulation with the thyroid and arytenoid cartilage.
  • all joints are synovial.
74
Q

Which 5 muscles connect to the hyoid bone?

A

Omohyoid, geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, cricohyoid, stylohyoid.

75
Q

What are the two roles of the corniculate cartilages?

A

articulate with arytenoid cartilage, give attachment for the aryepligottic folds.

76
Q

What are the folds on the epiglottis?

A

They aryepiglottic folds on the sides.

median glosso-epiglottic fold on the anterior portion.

77
Q

What is the Vallecula?

A

depression on each side of the folds, quite a large space.

78
Q

Describe the vocal chord.

A

Mobile folds on either side of the larynx

formed by mucous membrane covering the vocal ligaments and muscles.

79
Q

which 5 muscles move the vocal chords?

A

cricoarytenoid muscles - posterior, lateral, transverse.
cricothyroid muscle.
Thyroarytenoid muscle.

80
Q

what nerves innervate below and above the vocal chords?

A

above - internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal branch of vagus.
below- recurrent laryngeal nerve, branch of the vagus.

81
Q

What supplies venous drainage to the pharynx?

A

the pharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into the internal jugular vein.

82
Q

what 3 branches of the external carotid artery supply the pharynx?

A
  • the ascending pharyngeal artery.
  • branches of the facial artery.
  • branches of the lingual and maxillary arteries.
83
Q

What are the 5 facial branches of the facial nerve? Remember; ten Zulus buggered Michael Caine.

A 
Temporal. 
zygomatic. 
buccal. 
marginal mandibular . 
cervical.

Anatomy (2 decks)

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