CVS Flashcards
CVS causes of Syncope
- Arrhythmia (Brady/Tachy)
- Mechanical (LV obs, AS, HOCM)
- Vasovagal (Neurocardiogenic)
- Orthostatic (Drug, elderly)
Anti-arrhythmic agent classes
1: Na channel blocker
2: BB
3: K channel blocker (e.g. Amiodarone)
4. CCB
5. Other: Digoxin, Adenosine
For AF,
1,3 = Rhythm control
2,4 = Rate control
Angina drugs
Sublingual nitrates (If infrequent angina)
BB (1st line)
CCB (if coronary spasm)
After PCI give what drugs
Antiplatelets
- Aspirin
- Clopidogrel
Features not suggestive of Myocardial ischemia
- Pleuritic pain (Sharp/Knifelike pain provoked by respiration/cough)
- Primary/Sole location of discomfort @ middle/lower abdomen
- Pain localized to 1 tip of finger (particularly @ LV apex, costochondral junction)
- Pain reproduced by movement/palpation of chest wall/arms
- Pain lasting for few seconds or less
- Pain that is of maximal intensity at onset
- Pain radiating to LLs
IE prophylaxis in
- Previous IE
- Prosthetic valve
- Congenital heart disease
Cyanotic congenital heart disease that has not been fully repaired; or First 6 months after full repair; or with residual defects after surgery - Heart transplant with valvulopathies
Troponin increased in
- Renal dysfunction
- Post-procedure, e.g. Cardioversion, catheter ablation, PCI
- Non-coronary related: Myocarditis, PE, acute/chronic LVF, septic shock, arrhythmias
Anti-ischemic therapy for ACS
- Bed rest, ECG/BP monitor
- Oxygen (4-8L/min if <90 SaO2)
- Nitrates (Sublingual or IV; note for BP cuz it is vasodilator)
- Morphine
- Oral BB/CCB
- Atropine if bradycardia or vagal reaction
Absolute CI to anticoagulant
x4
- Active bleeding
- Severe bleeding diathesis
- Severe thrombocytopenia
- Recent neurosurgery, ocular surgery (exclude cataracts), intracranial bleed
NYHA functional classification
New York Heart Association
Patient symptoms: Class 1-4
- No limitation of physical activity
- Slight limitation, comfortable at rest
- Marked limitation, comfortable at rest
- Unable to carry on physical activities without discomfort, HF symptoms at rest
Objective assessment: Class A-D
A. No objective evidence of CVS disease. No Sx, no physical limitation
B. Objective evidence of mild CVS disease. Mild Sx, slight limitation. Comfortable at rest
C. Objective evidence of moderately severe CVS disease. Marked limitation. Comfortable at rest
D. Objective evidence of severe CVS disease. Severe limitations. Sx at rest
S/S of Left HF
Symptoms
- SOB OE
- Nocturnal cough
- Orthopnea / PND
- Palpitation
- Dizziness / Pre-syncope
Signs
- Tachycardia
- Lung crepitations
- S3 +/- S4
- Cardiomegaly
S/S of Right HF
Symptoms
- Ankle swelling
- Abd distension
Signs
- Bilateral pitting ankle edema
- Hepatomegaly
- Pleural effusion
- Elevated JVP
- Hepatojugular reflux
Norvasc
Amlodipine
CCB
ECG lead positions o’clock
Lead 1: 3 o’clock (0)
Lead 2: 5 o’clock (60)
Lead 3: 7 o’clock (120)
aVR: 10 o’clock (-150)
aVL: 2 o’clock (-30)
aVF: 6 o’clock (90)
ECG Lead corresponding part
23F –> Inferior
1L56 –> Lateral
12 –> Septal
34 –> Anterior
WPW ECG features
- Short PR interval (<0.12s) N=0.12-0.2
- ?Wide QRS
- Delta waves after P wave –> slurred upstroke
- Secondary ST / T wave abnormality?
Type A: V1 is positive, L side accessory pathway
Type B: V1 is negative, R side accessory pathway
Narrow QRS tachycardia
Regular
- ST
- AT
- A flutter
- AVRT (P in ST)
- AVNRT (P fused with QRS)
Check response with ATP AVRT/AVNRT --> convert to Sinus rhythm AT/ST --> no QRS A flutter --> Slurred AF --> Dead stroke
Irregular
- AF
- A flutter with variable block
- MAT
Wide QRS tachycardia
Regular
- VT
- SVT + aberrancy
Irregular
- AF + aberrancy
- Pre-excited AF
- Polymorphic VT
- Torsades de pointes
LMNOP for Acute pulmonary edema
Lasix Morphine (may not give now) Nitroglycerin O2 Position - sit up (or positive pressure)
CI for nitrates
HOCM, constrictive pericarditis
JVP, causes of Cannon A wave
Cannon A wave (due to AV dissociation)
- Complete HB
- A flu
- Ventricular pacing, VT
JVP, causes of Giant A wave
Giant A wave (due to forceful RA contraction cuz decreased RV compliance)
- Pul HT
- PS / TS
JVP waves A wave X descent C wave V wave Y descent
A wave
- RA contraction
- Before carotid pulse
X descent
- RA relaxation
C wave
- Closure of TV
V wave
- Filling of RA (during ventricular systole)
- with TV closed
- Sync with carotid pulse
- Giant V wave –> TR
Y descent
- Negative deflection of RA pressure during opening of TV
Parasternal heave causes
- RV volume overload (ASD, PR, TR)
- RV pressure overload (LHF, Pul HT, PS)
- LA enlargement