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CGP ESA2 > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

What factors effect diffusion?

A
  1. AREA - capillary density
  2. CONCENTRATION GRADIENT- rate of blood flow must be high enough to maintain the gradient. A greater gradient causes a faster rate of diffusion
  3. RESISTANCE - the nature of the barrier, the nature of the molecule & the DISTANCE needed to be travelled
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2
Q

What is the blood flow into the gut (incl. liver) at rest and peak?

A

1.4L/min @ rest & 2.4L/min peak

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3
Q

What is the blood flow to the brain

A

750ML/MIN

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4
Q

what is the blood flow to the kidney

A

1.2L/min

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5
Q

What is the blood flow to the muscles: at rest & at peak?

A

1L –> 16L/min

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6
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output

A

CO = stroke volume x heart rate

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7
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per cycle. =

EDV-ESV

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8
Q

what are capacitance vessels? What are the main capacitance vessels & what is their function

A

They have the ability to store blood by distension.
Veins
React to changes in cardiac output

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9
Q

What are the resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles & pre-capillary sphincters

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10
Q

What is the distribution of the blood in the vessels? i.e. what percentage in each type of vessel/organ?

A

Veins 67%
Heart & Lungs 17%
Arteries 11%
Capillaries 5%

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11
Q

What is the anatomical location of the heart?

A

In the middle mediastinum, within the pericardium. Superior to the diaphragm & deep to the sternal angle

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12
Q

How is the mediastinum divided?

A

Into superior & inferior by the sternal angle.

Within the inferior mediastinum is the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum.

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13
Q

What is inside the middle mediastinum?

A

The heart, the pericardium and the great vessels

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14
Q

What is the structure of the pericardium?

A

The pericardium is a FIBROSEROUS SAC
Three layers:

FIBROUS OUTER LAYER
PARIETAL SEROUS LAYER
VISCERAL SEROUS LAYER

The pericardial space between the parietal and visceral layers has a thin film of fluid for FRICTIONLESS BEATING

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15
Q

How is the cardiothoracic ratio calculated? What is it indicative of?

A

Used to determine if CARDIOMEGALY/ PERICARDIAL EFFUSION is present.
Measure along the base of the lungs between the lateral extremities of the ribs (width of thoracic cavity).
Measure the width of the heart.
Heart should normally be

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16
Q

Why is a MI associated with left arm pain

A

The left phrenic nerve innervates the pericardium & the diaphragm
Its nerve roots are C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive.
These roots are shared with roots that innervate the arm (C5 is in the brachial plexus)
This is REFERRED pain

17
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

EPICARDIUM: simple squamous epithelium
MYOCARDIUM: Cardiac myocytes
ENDOCARDIUM: simple squamous epithelium, with underlying elastic fibres and smooth muscle, with underlying SUBENDOCARDIAL connective tissue

18
Q

What are the 4 sinuses of the heart? What are their locations?

A

TRANSVERSE: the space posterior to the pulmonary trunk and anterior to the aorta. Separates the outflow and inflow tracts. Site of clamp for cardiac surgery.
CORONARY - the site of merger of the coronary arteries before drainage into the right atrium. The source is the GREAT CARDIAC VEIN
OBLIQUE- the space under the heart
AORTIC - the origin of the coronary arteries. Situated just above the aortic valve cusps. There are openings for the left and right coronary arteries. The posterior cusp has no opening.

19
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

The adult closed form of the embryonic foramen ovale

20
Q

What lines the walls of the right atrium?

A

Pectinate muscles

21
Q

What is the infundibulum

A

The smooth wall of the beginning of the outflow tract of the right ventricle

22
Q

What is divides the pectinate muscle from the smooth wall of the RA?

A

Crista terminalis, differences in appearance are due to different embryonic origin

23
Q

What connects the bicuspid valve to the papillary muscles?

A

CHORDAE TENDINAE

24
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscle?

A

To prevent inversion of the valve during ventricular systole

25
Q

What are the first branches of the aorta?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic - branches into the right common carotid & right subclavian
  2. Left common carotid
  3. left subclavian

CGP ESA2 (7 decks)

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