Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA two revision > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart found?

A

Middle mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the heart surrounded by ?

A

Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the pericardium?

A

Fibroserous fluid filled sac surrounding the musclular body of the heart and roots of the great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give the functions of the pericardium

A

Fixes the heart and limits rotation
prevents over filling due to inextensible fibrous layer
lubrication
protection from infection as it acts as a barrier from the lungs which are susceptible to injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the two layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous layer - continuous with the central tendon of the diaphragm
Serous layer - outer parietal layer and internal visceral layer made up of mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the innervation of the pericardium? What are its spinal roots?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What clinical relevance does the fibrous pericardium have?

A

During accumulation of fluid - pericardial effusion within pericardial cavity leading to increased pressure and chambers are compressed reducing the CO.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the transverse pericardial sinus? Where is it found ?

A

Can be used to located and subsequently ligate arteries during coronary bypass grafting.
It is a passage through pericardial cavity located posteriorly to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anteriorly to SVC and superior to LA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the apex of the heart point?

A

Anterior inferior direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the anterior border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the posterior border of the heart ?

A

Left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the inferior border of the heart?

A

Both ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the right pulmonary border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the left pulmonary border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are sulci and what do they create?

A

Divisions in the heart which form grooves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the coronary sinus and what travels in it ?

A

Transverse around the heart- wall dividing atria and ventricles
Contains vascualture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci divide?

A

Run vertically and separate ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the formation of the pericardial sulci?

A

Passageways formed in way in which percardium folds around the great vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two pericardual sulci? Where are they found ?

A

Oblique pericardial sulci- posterior surface of the heart

Transverse pericardial sulci- superiorly found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two things that may happen to a valve?

A

Stenosis and regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If changes occur to a valve what may be heard? Why?

A

Murmur due to tuberlent flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What murmurs caused by valve changes are heard during systole?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valve stenosis
Mitral valve prolapse
Mitral/ tricuspid regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What murmurs caused by valve changes are heard during diastole?

A

Aortic/ pulmonary regurgitation

Mitral/ tricuspid stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What forms the IVC?

A

Joining of the two common iliac veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What forms the SVC?

A

Joining of the two brachiocephalic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
L subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe an aortic dissection

A

Tear in the inner wall which restricts blood flow and causes shearing of the blood vessels layers from each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe an aortic aneurysm

A

Dilation of artery underlying weakness can lead to rupture and therefore huge haemorhaging causing death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How are the mitral and tricupsid valves shut? What is heard when they shut?

A

Contraction of small muscles - papilary muscles attached to valves by chordae tendinae . The first heart sound S1 or lub.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the aortic valve. What is its significance in terms of filling of the coronary arteries?

A

Fibrous ring where 3 cusps attach
Opening to the coronary vessels found above L and R cusps so when valve opened these are covered so filling occurs during diastole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens to the heart sounds during inspiration?

A

Inspiration causes blood into the thorax increasing right ventricular pressure leading to the shutting of the aortic valve first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How can you tell between the heart sounds S1 and S2?

A

2nd heart sound higher pitch shorter duration and lower intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the inner surface of the RA?

A

2 parts divided by the crista terminalis
Posterior - smooth walls from sinus venous
anterior -muscular wall and right auricle from primitive atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the inner surface of LA?

A

inflow portion smooth from pulmonary veins

outflow- pectinate muscle and L auricle from atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the atrial septa

A

Oval shaped depression called fossa ovalis from foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the inner surface of the RV?

A

Triangular shape
Anterior border - trabeculae carnae
Inferior inflow -papillary muscles and chordae tendinae
moderator band contains - right bundle branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the LV composition

A

Increased muscle as needs to generate higher pressure

papillary muscles contain trabeculae carnae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the ventricular septa

A

Membranous and muscular parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Give a general description of the layers of the heart muscle?

A

Endo–> myo–> epi cardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Inner most layer - lines cavities and valves of the heart
loose connective tissue and simple squamous epithelial tissue
regulates contractions and aids cardiac embyrological development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the two main types of endocarditis ?

A

Infective and non infective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the subendocardial layer?

A

joins endo and myocardium - loose fibrous connective tissue and contains the perkinji fibres so if damaged can lead to arrthymias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe the myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle - straitated muscle that contracts involuntarily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the subepicardial layer?

A

Joins myo and epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe the epicardium?

A

Outer most layer composed of CT, fat and simple squamous epithelia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Aortic coronary sinuses L and R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does the L coronary artery branch into?

A

Left anterior descending and circumflex and left marginal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does the R coronary artery branch into?

A

Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What areas of the heart does the R coronary artery supply?

A

RA, both nodes, posterior part of the interventicular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where of the heart does the right marginal supply?

A

RV and apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Where does the posterior interventricular artery supply?

A

Both ventricles and posterior 1/3 of IVS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where does the L coronary artery supply?

A

LA, LV, IVS and AV bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where does LAD supply?

A

RV, LV, anterior 2/3 of IVS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where does the left marginal supply?

A

LV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where does the circumflex supply?

A

LA LV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Where do the cardiac veins drain into ?

A

Coronart sinus on posterior aspect of the heart

Some drain directly into the RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the tributaries to the coronary sinus and where do the come from?

A

Great cardiac vein - from apex follows anterior interventricular groove
Small cardiac vein - right side anterior
Middle cardiac vein - posterior surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What valve is found between the RA and RV?

A

Tricuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What receptors innervate the cardiac vasculature to cause vasodilation?

A

B2 adrenoceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What allows the spread of AP in cardiomyocytes?

A

Intercolated discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What sets the heart rate usually ? Why ?

A

SAN

Because it has the quickest rate of impulse generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

How are impulses generated in the SAN?

A

Funny current allows the threshold to be regularly reached

63
Q

Why can electrical impulses not spread directly to ventricles ?

A

Insulation from cartilaginous rings of heart

64
Q

How long and where is the action potiental delayed for?

A

At the AVN for 120ms.

65
Q

What change produces S1?

A

closing of the AV valves

66
Q

What change produces S2?

A

Closing of the outflow valves

67
Q

What do s3 and s4 produce?

A

Gallop rhythm

68
Q

What is the pressure in the RA?

A

0-8mmHg

69
Q

What is the pressure in the RV during diastole?

A

0-8 mmHg

70
Q

What is the pressure in the RV during systole?

A

15-30 mmHg

71
Q

What is the pressure in the LA?

A

0-10 mmHg

72
Q

What is the pressure in the LA during diastole?

A

1-10 mmHg

73
Q

What is the pressure in the LA during systole?

A

100-140 mmHg

74
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary artery during diastole?

A

4-12mmHg

75
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary artery during systole?

A

15-30mmHg

76
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta during diastole?

A

60-90mmHg

77
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta during systole?

A

100-140 mmHg

78
Q

Describe the pathway of vessels from the heart back to the heart

A 
Large elastic arteries
Medium arteries
arterioles
metarterioles
capillary beds
post capillary venules
venules
medium veins
large veins
heart
79
Q

What is the function of the fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium?

A

lubrication

80
Q

Describe cardiac tamponade

A

Pericardial effusion- accumulation of blood or pus leading to insufficient filling and obstructive shock as decreased filling presents with Becks Triad

81
Q

What is pericardiocentesis?

A

Drainage of fluid in cardiac tamponade.

Wide bore needle inserted L 4/5th intercostal space near sternum

82
Q

Describe the changes that would be noticed on examination of a patient with pericarditis

A

Chest pain
ST elevation in ALL leads
Rustle on ausculation - serous layer can become roughened and fibrosed.

83
Q

Where do you listen to the aortic valve?

A

2nd intercostal R sternal edge

84
Q

Where do you listen to the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd intercostal L sternal edge

85
Q

Where do you listen to the triscupid valve?

A

4th intercostal space L sternal edge

86
Q

Where do you listen to the mitral valve?

A

5 th intercostal space midclavicular line L

87
Q

Give the equation for cardiac output

A

CO=SV x HR

88
Q

Give the equation for Blood pressure

A

BP= CO x TPR
so
BP= SVxHRxTPR

89
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing when opening

90
Q

What is regurgitation ? What is it also called?

A

Not closing

incompetence

91
Q

What is atresia?

A

Valve not present or fused

92
Q

What does the ANS and CNS regulate?

A

HR, BP, temp

93
Q

When is sympathetic nervous system dominante?

A

Under stress

94
Q

When is the parasympathetic nervous system dominante ?

A

Basal conditions

95
Q

Describe the parasympathetic input of the heart?

A

Preganglia at CNX synapse with postganglia on epicardium or within walls of the SA or AV node

96
Q

What parasympathetic receptors are present in the heart? What neurotransmitter is released?

A

Ach at M2 receptors

97
Q

What is the effect of activation of the parasympathetic nervous system at the heart?

A

Decrease heart rate ( negative chronotropic response)

98
Q

Describe the sympathetic input of the heart?

A

Post ganglia via paravertebral chain innervate the nodes and myocardium

99
Q

What sympathetic receptors are present in the heart? What neurotransmitter is released?

A

Release nor adrenaline on the alpha 1 adrenoceptors

100
Q

What is the effect of activation of the sympathetic nervous system at the heart?

A

Increase HR and force of contraction

101
Q

Explain the mechanism behind the changes that occur on activation of the parasympathetic nervous system at the heart

A

Increased K+ conductance leading to decreased cAMP levels and decreasing the pacemaker potential

102
Q

Explain the mechanism behind the changes that occur on activation of the sympathetic nervous system at the heart

A

Increased Na+ conductance leading to increased cAMP levels and increasing the pacemaker potential.
Activated PKA phosphorylates Ca channels leading to increased Ca entry and increased contraction force- CICR

103
Q

What receptors are found in most arteries and veins? What is there action?

A

alpha 1 adrenoceptors - contract with circulating adrenaline

104
Q

What is special about the coronary and skeletal muscle vasculature?

A

Have B2 adrenoceptors which cause dilation during increased stress due to increased adrenaline - over ride a1

105
Q

How is change in condition detected and converted into a change in pressure?

A

Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect high pressure send increased AP due to increased sensitivity to stretched
Low pressure detected by atrial receptors

106
Q

Define flow

A

Volume of fluid per unit of time passing a given point

107
Q

Define velocity

A

Rate of movement of fluid particles along a tube

108
Q

What is the equation for pressure?

A

Pressure = flow x resistance

109
Q

What does poiselles law state?

A

Increase in resistance with R to the power four

110
Q

What is Becks Triad?

A

Hypotension,raised JVP and distant muffles of examination

111
Q

Where is blood flow fastest?

A

Total cross sectional area is at its least- capillary bed

112
Q

How long is a cardiac action potential ? What does this relate to ?

A

280-300ms

Ventricular systole

113
Q

Describe the conduction pathway of the heart?

A

SAN
Over atrial- atrial systole
AVN- delayed for 120
spreads down IV septum to apex and ventricles contract from apex upwards forcing blood out of the outflow valves

114
Q

Describe the development of a CVA or TIA

A

Thrombus forms on wall of LA ( can occur in atrial fribrilation) can break off and pass into artery suppling the brain resulting in CVA or partial occlusion would lead to TIA

115
Q

What is a consequence of aortic valve stenosis ?

A

Increased afterload leading to LV hypertrophy

116
Q

Where in the system is pressure high? why ?

A

arteries to drive the blood through arterioles

117
Q

Where in the system is pressure low? why ?

A

Venules and veins - low resistance and therefore low pressure needed to drive blood

118
Q

What factors affect the systolic pressure?

A

Force of contraction, TPR and stretchiness of aorta

119
Q

What factors affect the diastolic pressure?

A

Systolic and TPR

120
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

121
Q

How do you calculate an average pressure?

A

Diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

122
Q

Describe reactive hyperaemia

A

loss of circulation increased metabolites released ( H+, K+, adenosine)- effect dependent on production and removal rate.
Poor perfusion - increased metabolites leads to arterial dilation which washes away increased metabolites .

123
Q

What does an increased in TPR mean?

A

Decreased need for flow

124
Q

What is central venous pressure ?

A

Pressure in great veins

125
Q

What does central venous pressure depend on?

A

Return from the body, pumping of the heart , gravity and muscle pumping

126
Q

Define heart failure

A

State in which heart cannot maintain adequate perfusion of the body to meet its needs despite adequate filling pressure

127
Q

What are some causes of heart failure?

A

MI, aortic stenosis, mitral prolapse , hypertension or dilated cardiacmyopathy

128
Q

Draw a SAN action potential and label the ion channel changes

A

CHECK IN NOTES

129
Q

Draw a cardiac myocytes action potential and label the ion channel changes

A

CHECK IN NOTES

130
Q

When would you get an upwards deflection on an ECG?

A

Depolarization towards +ve electrode

Repolarization away +ve electrode

131
Q

When would you get a downwards deflection on an ECG?

A

Depolarization away +ve electrode

Repolarization towards +ve electrode

132
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave on an ECG dependent on?

A

how much muscle

how directly towards the electrode excitation is moving

133
Q

Describe the changes that bring about a P wave?

A

Deploarisation from SA to AV node causing atrial systole

134
Q

Describe why we see a return to normal between the P wave and the Q wave ?

A

Delay of electrical activity by 120ms at the AVN

135
Q

Describe the changes that bring about a Q wave?

A

Activity spreads down the bundle of his depolarising the septum

136
Q

What brings about the R and S waves?

A

R- activity across ventricular walls

S- up side walls

137
Q

What brings about a T wave?

A

repolarisation of the ventricle walls

138
Q

Why do we not see repolarization in the atrias on an ECG?

A

Lost in QRS complex

139
Q

In what plane do the chest leadds view the heart?

A

Horizontal

140
Q

Where is V1 placed?

A

4th intercostal R

141
Q

Where is V2 placed?

A

4th intercostal L

142
Q

Where is V4 placed?

A

5th intercostal mid clavicular line

143
Q

Where is V6 placed ?

A

5th intercostal mid axillary line

144
Q

How do you calculate a regular heart rate on an ECG?

A

300/ number of large squares between sucessive beats

145
Q

What is the cardiogenic region?

A

Region of mesoderm by the cranial end of the embyro which develops into the heart, BV and blood cells during gastrulation.

146
Q

What effect does lateral folding have on the future heart?

A

Creates heart tube - endocardial tubes fuse at middle

147
Q

What effect does cephalocaudial folding have on the future heart?

A

brings the tube into the thoracic region - head and tail tuck around the oropharyngeal membrane putting primative heart in thoracic cavity with pericardial cavity inferior but heart beginning to form within it.

148
Q

What happens to the membrane that suspends the heart is the pericardial sac during embyronic development?

A

Degenerates

149
Q

How does blood flow in the primtative heart tube?

A

Caudal to cranial

150
Q

From caudal to cranial what are the layers of the primitative heart?

A 
sinus venosus
atrium
ventricle
bulbus cordis
tuncus arteriosus
aortic roots
151
Q

Why does looping occur?

A

Continued elongation results in bending - doesnt fit in pericardial sac as this doesnt grow proportionally to heart

152
Q

In what direction does the cephalic portion move?

A

Ventrally, caudally and right

153
Q

In what direction does the caudal portion move?

A

Dorsally, cranially and left

154
Q

What does the looping give?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus- arteries in front of veins
Puts primordium R ventricle closest to outflow tract
Puts primordium L ventricle - closest to inflow tract
Atrium dorsal to bulbus cordis ie inflow dorsal to outflow

ESA two revision (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions