Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

6-Clinical Nutrition 1 > CVD and Secondary Prevention > Flashcards

CVD and Secondary Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

What is Myocardial Infarction?

A

• “Typical” symptom includes heavy weight on
chest and left arm pain
• Both men and women may experience typical or atypical signs and symptoms of MI
• Women tend to have atypical more than men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What biomarkers are used to diagnose an MI?

A

Troponin –> The most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury. (Peak in 12h)

Creatine Kinase (CK- MB) test –> It is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present. (10-24h)

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) –> LDH is not as specific as troponin. (peak 72h)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

STEMI vs Non-STEMI

A

• STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction;
More severe. Coronary artery is completely blocked off by the blood clot and all heart muscle being supplied by the affected artery starts to die. Elevated ST-segment indicates that a relatively large amount of heart muscle damage is occurring

• Non-STEMI: blood clot only partly occludes coronary artery and only portion of heart muscle being supplied by affected artery starts to die. Does not produce ST segment elevation in the ECG.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a cardiac cath?

A

▫ Passing catheter via arm, groin or neck
▫ visualization
▫ angiogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a PTCA?

A

Angioplasty or PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty):
Uses catheter to insert
▫ stent
▫ balloon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is CABG?

A
  • Stands for coronary artery bypass graft
  • A blood vessel is removed from somewhere else in the body and grafted to coronary arteries so as to bypass a narrowed coronary artery
  • Is used to improve blood flow in the coronary arteries and reduce risk of death from CAD
  • is used when the narrowing or blockage is severe or when several vessels affected
  • can have more than one bypass at a time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the relationship between diabetes and CVD?

A
  • Adults with diabetes are two to four times more likely to have heart disease or a stroke than adults without diabetes.
  • Vascularchangesduetohighbloodglucoseandhypertension
  • Incorporate heart healthy guidelines into the overall diabetic meal plan (i.e. use diabetes meal plan as base for education).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the symptoms of cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

A

weakness, trouble speaking, vision problems, headache, dizziness

FAST!! (Face, Arms, Speech, Time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the fatty acids that are found in coconut oil?

A

Coconut oil is 87% Satd Fat, mostly lauric acid

High in medium chain fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does coconut oil affect blood lipid profile compared to other oil/fat sources?

A

• Compared to butter, coconut oil does not ↑ TChol, LDL to same extent
• Compared to unsaturated/monounsaturated vegetable oils, coconut oil does ↑ TChol and LDL to a greater
extent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the recommendations on coconut oil?

A

• Even though coconut oil can ↑ HDL, it still is not recommended as an alternative to non-hydrogenated vegetable oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the complications that can occur with stroke?

A
  • Weakness/paralysis may improve with time/therapy or may remain long term.
  • Limited mobility: more dependant on others, feeding difficulties, urinary/fecal incontinence, constipation, reduced oral hygiene.
  • Dysphagia (trouble swallowing), reduced intake, modified texture diet, potential for malnutrition, reduced speech.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a heart failure?

A

The heart is pumping, but the tissues are not getting enough oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the risk Factors for CHF ?

A

• Coronary artery disease
• Infection of the heart muscle (ex. Endocarditis)
• Congenital heart disease
• Hypertension
• Heart attack: Most common cause
• Heart valve disease
• Some types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
• Excessive drugs/alcohol
• Diseases
▫ Ex: diabetes, COPD, severe anemia, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some Common Symptoms of CHF?

A
  • Shortness of breath with activity, or after lying down
  • Cough or cold symptoms
  • Swelling of feet and ankles
  • Swelling of the abdomen
  • Weight gain (sudden or unexplained)
  • Irregular or rapid pulse
  • Sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations)
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Fatigue, weakness, faintness
  • Loss of appetite, indigestion, bloating, feeling full
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) indicate?

A

BNP can be used in the diagnosis of heart failure because it is secreted when the muscle fibers in the left ventricle are stretched.

17
Q

What is the left ventricular ejection fraction?

A
  • Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF or EF) :measurement of how much blood is being pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart
  • Above 50 % is normal
  • Less than 35% can be life- threatening.
18
Q

What is a left-sided heart failure?

A
  • Left ventricle doesn’t contract with enough force, low LVEF
  • Less oxygen-rich blood is pumped to body
  • Decreased blood flow to kidney stimulates renin-angiotensin and aldosterone secretion.
  • High pressure in pulmonary capillaries leads to pulmonary congestion or edema
19
Q

What is a right sided heart failure?

A

Right ventricle is weak. Less blood is pumped to lungs.

Blood backs up in systemic circulation. Increased pressure and edema in legs, liver and abdomen.

20
Q

What is Ascites?

A

fluid in the abdominal cavity

21
Q

How is fluid balance/edema assessed?

A
  • Visual , Physical exam from doctors/nurse
  • Lab values may appear diluted (Lower) ex. sodium, albumin, etc..
  • Skin tends to be clammy when retaining fluid
  • If large abdomen: Watch for signs of muscle wasting in areas where fluid tends not to accumulate (eyes, temples, shoulders, knees…) since a large abdomen does not necessarily mean obese, and weight may not be reliable.
  • I & O from nurses: Intake and Output records of “sensible” losses (that we can easily measure)
  • Intake: All fluids that are liquid at body temperature (milk, juice, water, tea, coffee, broth/soup, popsicle, jell-o, nutritional liquid supplements..) . IV fluids.
  • Output: urine (can be collected for 24 hours), feces/stool if applicable (ex. diarrhea or watery stool), vomiting if applicable.
22
Q

3 main nutritional concerns for pts with HF are:

A
  1. Sodium intake
  2. Fluid intake
  3. Overall nutritional adequacy due to early satiety, shortness of breath (SOB)
23
Q

What is Cardiac Cachexia?

A

Ø End result of heart failure (10 – 15 % of HF patients)
Ø Weight loss with significant loss of lean body mass
including cardiac muscle
Ø Heart becomes soft and flabby
Ø Poor prognosis, high mortality
Ø Inadequate blood supply to GI tract: anorexia, nausea, feeling of fullness, constipation, abdominal pain, malabsorption, loss of normal bowel function…

24
Q

What are the nutritional recommendations for sodium in pts with HF?

A

Less than 2 g per day

25
Q

What is the fluid restriction in CHF?

A

▫ 1 to 2L per day for mild CHF

▫ 1 to 1.5 L per day for more severe CHF or more severe hyponatremia (< 130 mmol/l Na+ in blood test)

26
Q

What is the alcohol restriction in CHF?

A

• Limitalcoholintaketoonedrinkperday
▫ In patients in whom alcohol is believed to be a causative factor in the
heart failure, abstinence from alcohol is mandatory

27
Q

What is the problem in assessment of BMI in CHF pts?

A

• BMI can be difficult to assess due to fluid retention
• Use actual food intake to assess risk for malnutrition.
• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library (EAL)
▫ To date, insufficient data is available to determine calorie needs at varying BMI levels. Equations can either over- or under- estimate.
▫ Use clinical judgment

28
Q

Prognosis for CHF ?

A
  • For some patients, CHF can be controlled with lifestyle changes, diet, and medication.
  • For others, the condition progressively worsens.
  • Infection and/or cardiac events can further weaken the heart.
  • The mortality rate is high, with 20% of people dying within the first year of diagnosis.

6-Clinical Nutrition 1 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions