CVD Flashcards
Most common global CVD causes of Death: MALES FEMALES RISK FACTORS
Males: IHD, stroke, COPD Females: Stroke, IHD, LRTIs RFs: HTN, tobacco, ^ cholesterol
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL STAGE 1 Consists of Why
^ birth rates ^death rates Population = stable Why? Limited contraception Poor healthcare *LECDSs
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL STAGE 2 consists of Why
Stable birth rate Decr death rate Pop growth = rapid Why? Improving healthcare * developing countries
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL STAGE 3 consists of Why
Decr BR Decr DR pop= slower growth Why? Access to contraception ^ education ^ LE
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL STAGE 4 consists of Why
Decr BR Decr DR pop=stable Why? ^focus on careers Smaller families MEDCs
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL STAGE 5 (population projection) consists of Why
Decr/- BR decr DR *ageing population
Epidemiological Transition for CVD: Stage 1- Pestilence and Famine Description LE % deaths from CV Dominant CVDs
-malnutrition -infectious diseases LE:35yrs <10% deaths from CVD Dominant CVDs: Infectious (RHD) Nutritional
Epidemiological Transition for CVD: Stage 2- Receding pandemics Description LE % deaths from CV Dominant CVDs
Improved nutrition and public health Chronic disease HTN LE:50yrs 10-35 % deaths from CVD Dominant CVDs: Infectious (RHD) Haemorrhagic stroke
Epidemiological Transition for CVD: Stage 3 - degenerative and man-made diseases Description LE % deaths from CV
High fat and caloric intake Tobacco use Chronic diseases > infectious, malnutrition LE:>60yrs 35 -65% deaths from CVD Dominant CVDs: IHD Haemorrhagic stroke, ischaemic stroke
Epidemiological Transition for CVD: Stage 4- delayed degenerative diseases Description LE % deaths from CV
Leading causes of mortality CV and cancer deaths Prevention and treatment delays onset LE:>70 yrs %deaths from CV: 40-50 Dominant CVDs: IHD, ischaemic stroke, CHF
Primordial prevention strategies- CVDs
Focus on the reason for inequalities and social organisation
Primary prevention strategies-CVD
Reducing the incidence amongst healthy population
Secondary prevention strategies - CVDs
Screening for preclinical/early disease (prevents progression)
Tertiary prevention strategies - CVDs
Treatment of established disease & prevention of complications
WHOs Global Action Plan for NCD
- reducing population alcohol intake -reducing prevalence of insufficient physical activity -reducing population salt intake -reducing prevalence of tobacco use -halt rise in obesity and diabetes -
CVD prevention strategies -
POPULATION strategies vs HIGH RISK strategies
Population strategies Reduce risk factors e.g. blood pressure in all + more permanent - at risk individuals may not gain benefit
-High risk strategies target those with risk factors (HTN/DM) + those affected +may reduce mortality of those already affected
Drivers of CVD
-diet: processed/fatty food, fizzy soft drinks -inactivity: obesity, transport - cultural
Drivers reducing CVD mortality
-antihypertensives -statins -MI & stroke treatment e.g. stenting & thrombolytics
The nutrition transition : Populations eat more…. and not enough…. What must we do
Populations eat more: meat, fat, sugar, salt Not enough: fruit, veg, fibre, water We must reduce salt intake
Strategies for reducing the populations salt intake: What strategies are most and least effective?
COMMUNICATION- public awareness campaigns REFORMULATION- setting targets, industry engagement/corporate responsibility, voluntary vs regulatory MONITORING- dietary surveys, urinary sodium, salt content of foods, attitudes & behaviours RESEARCH- nutrition, public health, policy Mandatory reformulation most effective, nutrition labelling lease effective
