CVD Flashcards
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
* Most common cause of?
* Patients frequently have?
* Many different types?
- Most common cause of premature death in the world
- Patients frequently have more than one CVD
- Many different types of CVD disease
types of CVD
- Hypertension (HTN)
- Atherosclerosis
- Angina Pectoris
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Arrhythmias
- Bacterial Endocarditis
Bacterial Endocarditis results
- infection, inflammation and scarring
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) results
- dilated ventricles with weak muscles
- thickened myocardium
Valvular disease results
stenotic and not capable of full closure for blood circulation, leads to CHF
Arrhythmia results from
–uncoordinated electrical signals
CVD Risk factors: conditions
CVD risk factors: behavioral
CVD risk factors: family history
genetics
age
ethnicity
CVD predisposing etiologies
- Congenital
- Hypertension (positive CVD feedback cycle)
- Ischemia (positive CVD feedback cycle)
- Inflammation
CVD Contributary anatomic abnormalities
- Hypertrophy
- Dilation
- Valves
- Regurgitation
- Stenosis
CVD physiological changes
- Arrhythmias
- Heart failure
- Ischemia
NY heart association HF classes
would see mainly classess I and II
Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease
Signs- objective
* Elevated BP
* Irregular or abnormal heart rate
* Abnormal respiratory rate
* Shortness of breath upon exertion
* Prolonged bleeding/easy bruising
* Surgical scars
Symptoms-subjective
* Patient is uncomfortable in supine position
Dental Care for patients with CVD
Medical Risk Categories of Dental Treatment
low, moderate, and high intervention
low level interventions
- Health/medical evaluation
- Exams
- Prophy
- Radiographs
- Optical oral scans
- Alginate impressions
moderate level interventions
- SRP (scaling and root planning)
- Simple restorative procedures; 1-2 teeth
- Simple extractions; 1-2 teeth
- Restorative impressions needing retractions
and longer setting times
High risk inteventions
- Complex restorative procedures on >2 teeth
- Multiple extractions
- Surgical extractions
- Implant placement
- Full arch impressions
- Dental care under general anesthesia
factors of HTN
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
Maintains physiologic BP
when BP is low
Primary Hypertension
- Multifactorial, gene-environment
- 90-95% of cases
Secondary hypertension
- Renal disease and renin-producing tumors
- Endocrine
➢Adrenal
➢Exogenous hormones
➢Pregnancy
➢Pheochromocytoma
➢Thyroid - Cardiovascular
- Neurologic
➢Psychogenic
➢Sleep apnea
➢Intracranial vascular pressure
➢Exogenous
Hypertension Complications
- Myocardial infarction
- Stroke
- Coronary artery disease
- Peripheral artery disease
- Heart failure
- Retinopathy
- End-stage renal disease
BP categories
Goals with HTN tx
Goals depend on patient age and comorbidities
Generally, goals are between <130 - 149/80-90 mm Hg
professional intervention with stages 1 and 2
Hypertension Medical Management
* Lifestyle modifications
➢ Diet (increase fruit intake, decrease sodium, increased potassium)
➢ Physical exercise/weight loss
➢ Tobacco cessation and alcohol intake reduction
ACEi to know
lisinopril and captopril
adverse effects of ACEi
neutropenia/ agranulocytosis
angioedema
taste disturbances
Anti-arrhytmatics, Na blockers side effects
dry mouth and gingival overgrowth
hypersensitivity rxn syndrome
Ca channel blockers to know
Nifedipine and diltiazem
ca channel blocker side effects
gingival overgrowth, taste disturbances, dry mouth
diruetics to know
hydrochlorothiazide
spironolactone
furosmide
diruetics side effect
dry mouth
A andregenic blockers to know
methyldopa
A andregenic blockers side effect
dry mouth
B andregenic blockers to know
atenolol
propranolol
oxprenolol
practolol
B andregenic side effects
dry mouth and angioedema
HTN oral manofestations, causes?
None due to hypertension itself
* Side-effects of pharmacotherapy:
➢ Dry mouth (anti-adrenergics and diuretics)
➢ Burning mouth (ACEi)
➢ Taste changes (antiadrenergics, ACEi)
➢ Angioedema (ACEi, ARB)
➢ Gingival hyperplasia (calcium-channel blockers, what are the other 2?)
➢ Lichenoid reactions (thiazides, methyldopa, propranolol, and labetalol)
➢ Lupus-like lesions (hydralazine)
what drug can cause lupus like lesions
hydralazine
what drugs can cause dry mouth
antoandregencis and diruteics
what drugs can cause dry mouth
ACEi, antiadren, diuretics, Na blockers, ca blockers
what drugs can cause taste changes
Ca channel blockers, antiandrenegenic, and ACEi
what drugs can cause angioedema
ACEi and ARB
what drugs cause ginigval hyper
Ca channel blockers
what drugs cause lichenoid rxns
thiazides, methyldopa, propranolol, and labetalol
antiarrythmatics can cause what oral effects?
Na channel blockers
dry mouth, gingival overgrowth, hypersensitivty rxns
Questions to Ask Your Patient with Hypertension
about Physical Activity
- Do you feel shortness of breath at rest?
- Are you physically active?
➢ What kind of physical activities do you engage in?
➢ Do you feel shortness of breath after exercise?
➢ Does it limit the intensity of your physical activity
Hypertension History questions
- How long have you had high blood pressure?
- Who manages your blood pressure, primary care or a cardiologist?
- How long have you been on this current antihypertensive regimen?
- Have there been any recent changes to your blood pressure medication? Why?
Hypertension Monitoring questions
- What is your usual BP level at the doctor’s office?
- Do you check your BP at home?
- What are your usual readings, how high does it get?
Serious potential complications of severe uncontrolled HTN:
Serious potential complications of severe uncontrolled HTN:
* Stroke
* Angina
* Arrhythmia
* Myocardial infarction
* Stress, anxiety, fear may increase the patient’s BP and lead to complications
Patients taking nonselective beta-blockers with use vasoconstritors
➢Use of vasoconstrictor can cause an acute rise in BP
HTN pts and chair postions
Patients may be sensitive to sudden position changes causing orthostatic hypotension
Pre-operative considerations for HTN
Pre-operative considerations
* Reduce Stress and Anxiety
➢ May need oral and/or inhalation sedation
Intra-operative considerations of HTN
- Profound anesthesia!!!! (MOST IMPORTANT)
- Limit epi to 2 carpules if taking a selective beta-blocker, (2 carp rule)*
- Don’t use epinephrine-gingival retraction cord
Post-operative considerations of HTN
* Avoid what Abx?
* NSAIDS?
* Stage 2 during tx?
* Raising pt?
- Avoid macrolide antibiotics with calcium channel blocker (↑ CCB levels)
- Avoid long-term use of NSAIDs (>2 weeks)
- Stage 2, monitor BP during treatment, if 180/110 stop tx!
- Raise patient slowly after treatment b/c of hypotension
med consult letter for HTN general guidelines
low level intervention txs
- Health/medical evaluation
- Exams
- Prophy
- Radiographs
- Optical oral scans
- Alginate impressions
Moderate Interventions
*SRP (scaling and root planning)
*Simple restorative procedures; 1-2 teeth
*Simple extractions; 1-2 teeth
*Restorative impressions needing retractions
and longer setting times
High Risk Interventions
*Complex restorative procedures on >2 teeth
*Multiple extractions
*Surgical extractions
*Implant placement
*Full arch impressions
*Dental care under general anesthesia
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION
(FOR ELECTIVE DENTAL TREATMENT) flow chart
Hypertension Medical Consult Questions*
- What is the patient’sBP goal (range)
- What have been patient’sin-office BP readings?
- Does the patient have any end-organ damage?
- Current medications prescribed to manage
Hypertension
cardiac measures for htn
- Stress reduction protocol
- Nitrous oxide
- Profound anesthesia
- Cardiac epi dose = max 0.04mg
✓Articaine for maxillary blocks and maxillary or mandibular infiltrations (short acting)
✓2% lidocaine 1:100,00 epi for IANB
✓3% mepivacaine without epi for anesthesia (long-acting)
Atherosclerosis
- Inflammatory disorder with accumulation of
lipid plaque within the arterial walls
➢ Thickened intima (decreased arterial lumen)
➢ Decreased oxygen
➢ Decreased blood flow to the myocardium
- athersclerosis Leads to
➢ Stenosis
➢ Angina (stable ischemic disease)
➢ MI
➢ Ischemic stroke (acute ischemic disease)
➢ Peripheral arterial disease
Atherosclerosis –Risk Factors
➢Male sex
➢Age
➢Smoking
➢Lack of exercise
➢Obesity
➢Stress
➢Depression
➢Family history of CVD
➢Hyperlipidemia
(↑LDL)
➢Hypertension
➢Insulin resistance
➢Diabetes mellitus
Atherosclerotic plaques can lead to:
Atherosclerotic plaques can lead to:
- ischemia
- thrombosis, (vascular blockage) if they
rupture/ emboli
what occurs for atheroscelrosis to begin development?
chronic endo injury
what occurs due to endo injury with atherosclerosis
endo dysfunction
with endothelial dysfunction what occurs next
smooth mm from media and macrophages migrate=lumen begins to constrict
smooth mm and macrophages of atherscelrosis
will engulf lipids and increase plaque size=more lumen constriction
end result of atherscelrosis formation
ppaque forms with smooth mm prolif, collagen/ECM depostion and lipid uptake
what can be used to reduce plaque formation
blood thinners
Atherosclerosis of the Circulatory System symptoms at the heart
➢ Chest pain
➢ Angina
- Complications of Atherosclerosis of the Circulatory System (Heart)
➢ Unstable angina
➢ Myocardial infarction (necrosis)
➢ Thrombosis
➢ Embolism
➢ Aneurysm
Ischemic Heart Disease
ischemic heart dx and bp
can be increased to attempt to get blood past occluded aa to area of ischemia
Angina Pectoris
- Chest pain resultant from ischemic changes
➢Mid-chest pain described as
o“aching, heavy squeezing pressure or tightness” - Pain may radiate
➢Shoulder, arms, jaw - Pain lasts 5-15 minutes
➢ If unstable angina, may be longer - Vasodilation used to resolve angina
stable angina
➢Imbalanced cardiac perfusion
➢Stable symptoms, reproducible, predictable, consistent
➢Chest pain precipitated by physical activity/exertion
➢Resolves with cessation of activity
unstable angina
➢Disruption of atherosclerotic plaque
➢Possible partial thrombosis, embolism or vasospasm
➢Symptoms increasing
➢Chest pain at rest or with less intense physical activity/exertion
Ischemic Heart Disease –Myocardial Infarction
- Irreversible coagulative necrosis of the myocardium
➢Lose normal conduction and contraction
➢Left ventricle MI more common
MI symptoms
- Symptoms similar to angina, plus
➢Radiating features
➢Severe substernal pain with shortness of breath, profuse sweating,
and loss of consciousness
MI symptoms with dialators
Pain does not resolve with vasodilators and is more prolonged
HTN common pharm tx
➢Beta-blockers
➢Calcium channel blockers
angina common pharm
NG
stroke prevention pharm
antiplatlet agents
Revascularization (interventional) with IHD
➢ Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stenting (PCI; stent)
➢ Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
durgs for hyper lipid
➢HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
oStatins
chol absorb inhibitors
oEzetimibe
➢Bile acid sequestrants
work to decrease serum lipid
oCholestyramine
oColestipol
fibrates
reduce serum lipids
oGemfibrozil
niacin
reduce serum lipids
oNiaspan
➢Omega-3 fatty acids
reduce serum lipids
oLovaza
do stents and grafts req ABx prophyalxis
NO
for all ischemic dx you must determine?
- Severity of the disease
- Stability and cardiopulmonary reserve of the patient
(i.e., the ability to tolerate dental care) - Type and magnitude of the dental procedure
Ischemic Heart Disease questions to ask
Same questions as HTN + :
* Do you have chest pain?
* Have you ever had cardiac surgery?
* Have you ever had a MI?
* * Do you bruise easily?
what to ask regarding IHD chest pain
- Do you get chest pain after exercise or at rest?
- How often? When was the last time?
- Has there been any change in frequency or intensity of your chest
pain? - Do you take anything to make it stop?
what to know regarding cardiac procedures
what kind? how long ago?
what to know about MI
how long ago?
what to do day of tx for IHD pts
- Make sure you and/or patient have nitroglycerin on day of visit to use where applicable.
- Be aware of signs and symptoms of MI and be prepared for an emergency
elective treatment in patient with unstable angina or recent history of MI?
- No elective treatment in patient with unstable angina or recent
history of MI (major risk)
questions for pts with easy bruising
- Are you taking aspirin or clopidogrel (antiplatelet meds)?
- When you cut yourself how long does it take to stop bleeding?
- Have you ever been hospitalized for bleeding?
operations with increased bleeders
- Increased bleeding expected, have local measures ready
- In general, no need to stop antiplatelet therapy
- If extensive surgery, may consider drug holiday with physician consultation
Recent Myocardial Infarction <1
month dental care
- Urgent dental care only
➢ACUTE dental pain or infection - Consultation with physician
- Consider referral to specialized center
Past Myocardial Infarction
>1 month dental care
- Consider severity of cardiac status and comorbidities
- Ejection Fraction can measure the degree of heart failure
➢Measures amount (%) of blood that leaves the left ventricle after contraction. - Consider appropriate management protocols
what ejection fraction is WNL
55-70%
Stress Reduction in Stable Angina or Past Myocardial Infarction
* Ideal scenario
➢No ischemic symptoms
➢Intermediate risk
➢No other risk factors
Stress Reduction in Stable Angina or Past Myocardial Infarction
* Procedural Precautions
➢Short appointments in the morning
➢Pre-treatment vital signs
➢Availability of nitroglycerin
➢Oral sedation
➢Nitrous oxide–oxygen sedation
➢Profound local anesthesia
➢Limit amount of vasoconstrictor
➢Avoid epinephrine-impregnated retraction cord
➢Effective post-operative pain control
anti anx preop sedation
short acting benzodiapene is popular 0.125-.25mg 1hr before or night before
other options: -zepams, triazolem is shortest acting option
what drugs can increase statin levels
- Statins –avoid CYP inhibitors (fluconazole, clarithromycin
- ↑ statin levels
caroitd atheromas
can be seen on pano due to HTN or hyperlipid, know pt conditon=possible med consult
normal cardiac conduction
SA node
* Primary pacemaker
* Regulates atrial function
* Produces P wave (atrial depolarization)
AV node
* Regulates atrial impulses entering ventricles
* Slows conduction rate of SA generated impulses
QRS complex
QRS complex
* Simultaneous depolarization of the
ventricles
T wave
T wave
* Repolarization of the ventricles
Arrhythmia
Disruption of the electrical impulse generation or conduction in the heart that leads to abnormal cardiac function
* Formation of abnormal impulse
* Increased impulse formation
* Enhanced or abnormal impulse formation
* Delayed depolarization
* Re-excitation of the heart after refractory period
The disruption of arhytmias may be due to:
- Infarction
- Ischemia
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Medication
The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is
The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is ventricular fibrillation*
Causes of arrhythmias
- Cardiovascular disorders
- Pulmonary disorder
- Autonomic disorder
- Hyperthyroidism
- Drugs
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Anxiety and anger
cardio dx’s causing arthymia
- Myocardial infarction
- Mitral stenosis
- Valvular disease
- Ischemic heart disease
- Congestive heart failure
Pulmonary disorders causing arthymia
➢Pneumonia
➢Obstructive lung disease
Drugs causing arrhytmia
➢ Epinephrine
➢ Alcohol
➢ Digitalis
➢ Morphine
➢ Beta-blockers
➢ Tricyclic antidepressants, and others
symptoms of arryhtmia
- Palpitations, fatigue
- Dizziness, syncope, angina
- Congestive heart failure
- Shortness of breath
- Orthopnea
- Peripheral edema
Atrial Fibrillation
* commonality?
* atrial activity?
* rhythm?
* Risk of?
- Most common arrhythmia
- Rapid uncontrolled atrial activity
- Irregularly irregular rhythm
- Risk of arterial clot formation
➢ Embolism and stroke
Heart Block
Heart Block
* Impulse is partially or completely blocked
➢Prolonged or no conduction
First-degree heart block
➢ Longer conduction time
second degree heart blocks
➢ Mobitz I
oMore prolonged and no P wave
➢ Mobitz II*
oRepetitive or occasional sudden blocks w/o previous prolonged conduction time
third degree heart blocks
➢ No impulses –COMPLETE BLOCK *
➢ Indication for pacemaker
Ventricular Arrhythmias
- Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs)
- Common
- Abnormal QRS complex + pause
- Increased risk of death if patients have underlying CVD (heart failure, MI, valvular heart disease
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia
* If more than 3 consecutive PVC at 100 beats/min
* If lasts for more that 30 seconds, requires termination
* Torsades de pointes –potentially life-threatening
Ventricular flutter and fibrillation
- Lethal
- Consequence of ischemic heart disease
- Cardiac contraction is not sequential, chaotic
Pharmacotherapy of arhytmias
- Antiarrhythmics
- Oral anticoagulants
- Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
- Oral anticoagulants for arrhthmias
➢ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
oInhibits platelet agglutination
oplatelet count not affected
➢ ASA (Aspirin 81mg - low dose)
oInhibits platelet agglutination
oplatelet count not affected
➢ Warfarin (Coumadin)
oVitamin K antagonist
oINR monitoring
oHighly variable
Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) for arthymias
➢ Direct thrombin inhibitor
oDabigatran (Pradaxa)
oReversal agent available
➢ Direct Factor Xa inhibitors
oRivaroxaban (Xarelto)
oApixaban (Eliquis)
oEdoxaban (Savaysa)
oReversal agents not available
No reliable monitoring test, but drugs are more predictable
stop anticoag for tx?
NEVER STOP ANTICOAGULATION FOR DENTAL TREATMENT UNLESS EXTENSIVE SURGERY
RISK OF THROMBOSIS > RISK OF MASSIVE BLEED
CONSULT PHYSICIAN IF EXTENSIVE SURGERY NECESSARY
CONSIDER REFERRAL TO SPECIALIZED CENTER
Arrhythmia Non-pharmacologic tx
- Pacemakers
- Implanted Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)
➢ Sets pace and shocks - Surgery
➢ Tissue resection
➢ Cardiac ablation
➢ Surgery to address underlying cause such as stenosis - Electrocardioversion and defibrillation
➢ Emergency situations
➢ Terminate persistent, refractory or lethal arrhythmias
Arrhythmia Dental Treatment Considerations
- What type of arrhythmia?
➢ When diagnosed? How frequent?
➢ How treated?
➢ Do you have a pacemaker or
defibrillator?
➢ Have you ever required emergency
intervention for arrhythmia?
➢ Is your arrhythmia stable now? - Assess comorbidities (CVD, pulmonary)
- ROS: palpitations, chest pain, dizziness,
shortness of breath, syncope
major risk arthymias, dental management of these
k
intermediate risk arrhytmias, elective care?
abnormal Q waves
minor risk arrythmias
High Risk Arrhythmia dental care
- Defer elective dental care
- Dental treatment should be limited to urgent care only
- Treatment of ACUTE pain, bleeding, or infection, only
- If necessary treatment, obtain a medical consult
- Management may include an IV line, pulse oximeter, BP and oxygen, electrocardiogram monitoring
- Cautious use of epinephrine (contraindicated if taking digoxin)
- Prophylactic nitroglycerin
**Limit Local Anesthetics.
2 Carp or < Rule (Lido 1:100 epinephrine)
Intermediate and Low Risk Arrhythmia dental tx
elective care can be provided with following management protocols:
*Stress/Anxiety reduction:
➢Oral sedative &/or inhalation sedative
*Assess pretreatment vital signs, have nitroglycerin available, limit
epinephrine (LA and gingival cord)
*Profound local anesthesia and pain control
*Devices
➢Electrosurgery units contraindicated in patient with pacemakers and ICDs
➢Ultrasonic scalers –low risk interference
➢Battery operated curing lights –low risk interferenc
arrhytmias and blood thinners questions to ask
Do you take a blood thinner?
➢ How often do you have your INR measured?
➢ What was your last reading? What has been your range? (Ideal: < 3)
➢ When is your next reading?
➢ Does it take a long for you to stop bleeding after a cut?
➢ Have you ever been hospitalized due to bleeding?
Local measures for hemostasis with blood thinner pts
*Gelatin sponges (Gelfoam)
*Oxidized cellulose
*Chitosan hemostatic products
*Sutures
*Gauze with applied pressure
*Topical tranexamic acid
*Topical aminocaproic acid (Amicar)
*Topical thrombin
Electrocautery - not with pacemakers
drug classes causing gingival hyperplasia
ca blockers, immunsup, anticonvul
lisinopril and captopril are what drug class
ACEi
ACEi oral effects
taste effects, ulcers, dry mouth, lichenoid
ACEi systemic effects
angioedema
neutropenia
agranulocytosis
nifedipine, diltiazem are what class of drugs
Ca channel blockers
nifedipine, diltiazem could have what oral effects
gingival growth
hypersensitivity
taste disturbance
which pharm agents dont have a possibility for lichenoid rxn
na and k channel blockers
hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, and furosemide are all:
diuretics
methyldopa drug class
A andregenic blocker
drug class of atenolol, propranolol, etc.
B blockers
