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HDT 2.2 > CV system and its anatomy > Flashcards

CV system and its anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a CV system used for?

A

transport of O2, of CO2, of hormones and of heat

varies with tissues needs

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2
Q

What can peripheral vascular disease cause?

A

it is a peripheral artery disease and due to vasospasm and atherosclerosis inflammation
causes ischaemia

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3
Q

how does CVD prevalence change with age?

A

as you get older you have a higher prevalence of CVD

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4
Q

what does cardiac output depend on and how can you figure it out?

A

depends on

  • heart rate
  • stroke volume; volume pumped per beat

CO = HR x SV

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5
Q

what does it mean by systole and diastole?

A

systole is the pumping phase of the heart
-> muscle expands
diastole is the relaxing part of the cycle
-> muscle recoils

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6
Q

how would systolic and diastolic pressure be seen on a graph and what does this show?

A

systolic is the peak of the curve and diastolic is the trough
at diastolic this is when the blood is pumped out
there is a pressure gradient from arteries (ABP) to veins (CVP)

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7
Q

what is the relationship between cardiac output and venous return?

A

venous return = cardiac output

  • if this is not true the system is out of balance
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8
Q

what does the mean ABP depend on?

A
  • volume of blood pumped out per min

- resistance of circulation

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9
Q

how can you calculate the systemic and pulmonary mean ABP? how do you calculate the TPR using PVR

A

systemic mean ABP = TPR x CO
-> should be around 90mmHg (narrower vessels so higher pressure)
pulmonary mean ABP = PVR x CO
-> should be around 12-15 mmHg

to find TPR = 7 x PVR

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10
Q

what can constriction arterioles cause?

A

this causes the ABP to increase as ABP = CO x TPR and as arterioles constrict the TPR increases so ABP increases also

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11
Q

what happens when arterioles in the tissue constrict? and what occurs when they dilate?

A

when tissue arterioles constrict, the local resistance increases and so the total blood flow will decrease; causing pressure in capillaries to decrease
when they dilate, the local resistance decreases, total blood flow increase and capillary pressure increases

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12
Q

what are the types of vessels and their elastic functions?

A
  1. elastic arteries; for strength and have elastic recoil
  2. muscular arteries; for distribution
  3. capillaries; for exchange of nutrients, gases etc.
  4. arterioles; have varying resistance to affect ABP and the total blood flow
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13
Q

what is the role of venues/veins?

A
  • determine filling of ventricles
  • venues increase vein pressure causing pressure in capillary to increase => oedema
  • has a reservoir function
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14
Q

what are the functional parts of the CVS?

A
  • conducting part ; arteries and veins

- exchange part ; capillary bed

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15
Q

what is the structure of the vessel wall?

A
  1. tunica externa; collagen
  2. tunica media ; thick smooth muscle
    - > thickest layer
  3. tunica intima ; endothelium
    - > can have valves
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16
Q

why does arterioles have elastic tissue?

A

need it to expand and recoil due to the high blood pressure in the arterioles

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17
Q

what is capillary beds made up of?

A

endothelial cell layer

-> one cell thick wall; allows diffusion to cells though the extracellular space

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18
Q

how can arterioles control blood pressure to allow blood flow into capillary beds?

A

they will constrict the pre-capillary sphincters to control BP

19
Q

where does the descending aorta emerge and where does it bifurcate?

A

emerges from the diaphragm at T12

and bifurcates at L4; where common iliac arteries are

20
Q

what are the three GI tract branches?

A
  • superior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
  • coeliac trunk
21
Q

where do each of the GI tract artery branches lead to?

A
  1. coeliac trunk leads to the foregut
  2. superior mesenteric artery leads to the midgut where the colon is
  3. inferior mesenteric artery leads to the hindgut; up to rectum and upper anal canal
22
Q

what does the GI tract hepatic portal vein split up into?

A 
it leads to liver 
but splits up into inferior mesenteric 
-> leads to rectum 
splenic vein
-> leads to spleen 
superior mesenteric vein
23
Q

what does the internal artery become? and where do these branches go to?

A

the internal iliac artery leads to the pelvic organs and it branches off into the superior gluteal artery, the obturator artery and the inferior gluteal artery

24
Q

what does the external iliac artery branch off to become?

A

it becomes the femoral artery which leads to the inguinal ligament ; bands that connect abdomen to pelvis deep in the groin

25
Q

what are the major arteries within the upper limb?

A

proximally you have the subclavian, axillary and brachial arteries
distally you have the radial and ulnar arteries

26
Q

what are the major arteries within the lower limb?

A

proximally you have the femoral and popliteal arteries

distally you have the tibial arteries and the fibular artery

27
Q

what are the major veins within the upper limb?

A

in the upper limb
superficially; cephalic vein, basilica vein which drains into the axillary
deep veins are the ulnar and radial vein and the brachial and axillary

28
Q

what are the major veins in the lower limbs?

A

superficially; the great and small saphenous vein
deep veins are the anterior and posterior tibial and popliteal vein
these veins all drain into the femoral vein

29
Q

what are deep veins?

A

they are vena comitantes; accompanying veins
surround the peripheral arteries
the contraction of the arteries helps with vein drainage
-> have valves

30
Q

what are subcutaneous veins?

A

they have valves and are important in coronary bypasses

31
Q

what do the internal and external carotid arteries supply?

A

internal carotid supplies the brain via the carotid canal

the external carotid supplies the neck and face

32
Q

where do the common carotid arteries bifurcate?

A

they will bifurcate at superior border of thyroid cartilage

so at C3/C4 vertebrae

33
Q

what is the carotid pulse lateral to?

A

the cricoid cartilage

C5/C6

34
Q

what is the cerebral arterial circle made up of?

A

it is made up of the vertebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries

35
Q

where do the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

the dural venous sinuses drain via the internal jugular vein

36
Q

what is the external jugular superficial to?

A

the sternocleidomastoid

37
Q

what does the carotid sheath contain?

A

it carries the internal jugular vein, the common carotid artery and the vagus nerve
the sheath drains into the brachiocephalic vein

38
Q

how to know if someone is having a stroke?

A

if it is more than 24 hours then it is a stroke
a TIA will resolve itself within 24 hours
can lead to death
look for FAST symptoms; Face, Arm, Speech, Time

39
Q

how can you find out if a patient has a stroke? what happens if they do?

A

CT scan
look at medical history
give an anticoagulant medication if history is clear
- if so give 300mg aspirin stat

40
Q

if patient has had a stroke and has hyperlipidaemia, what medication should be given?

A

alteplase can be given
a secondary prevention is aspirin 300mg for 14 days
then add statins on

41
Q

for patients who have had a stroke, what is the next step for treatment after aspirin and alteplase?

A

use aspirin and then clopidogrel 75mg after 2 weeks of aspirin 300mg indefinitely

42
Q

what other treatment measures can you take for a patient having a stroke?

A
  • oxygen therapy
  • keep blood sugar at 4-11 mmol/litre
  • nutrition
  • rehabilitation
43
Q

how to manage dysphagia and nutrition?

A

use SALT assessment for initial management
then rehabilitation as soon as patient can tolerate it
- help them sit up

44
Q

what is the treatment for patients with TIA?

A
  • clopidogrel 300mg loading

then clopidogrel 75mg daily and atorvastatin 20-80mg starting immediately

HDT 2.2 (10 decks)

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