CV&R Anatomy

Question 1

Which lung has 3 lobes ?

Answer 1

Right
Superior, middle and inferior

Question 2

Where is the pulmonary artery situated at the hilum ?

Answer 2

Superior

Question 3

Where is the pulmonary vein situated at the hilum ?

Answer 3

Inferior

Question 4

Where are the bronchi situated at the hilum ?

Answer 4

Posterior

Question 5

How many lobar (primary) bronchi are there in each lung ?

Answer 5

3 right, 2 left

Question 6

How many segmental (secondary) bronchi are there in each lung ?

Answer 6

Right 10, left 8

Question 7

What carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs ?

Answer 7

Pulmonary arteries

Question 8

What carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs ?

Answer 8

Pulmonary veins

Question 9

What are auricles on the heart ?

Answer 9

Look like pig ears

Question 10

What is the coronary sulcus on the heart ?

Answer 10

Ridge created by auricles, marks the atrioventricular groove

Question 11

What lies between the ventricles exteriorly ?

Answer 11

Anterior intraventricular artery

Question 12

What is the difference between the right and left bronchus ?

Answer 12

The right is shorter, straighter and wider
This means inhaled objects are more likely to be found here

Question 13

What are the fissures of the lungs ?

Answer 13

Right = horizontal and oblique
Left = oblique

Question 14

What nerve is responsible for vocal cord paralysis ?

Answer 14

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 15

What causes laryngeal nerve damage ?

Answer 15

Tumour
TB/Nodes
Trauma

Question 16

What is contained in the superior mediastinum ?

Answer 16

Aortic arch
SVC
Vagus Nerve
Phrenic nerve
Thymus
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct

Question 17

What is contained in the anterior mediastinum ?

Answer 17

No major structures

Question 18

What is contained in the middle mediastinum ?

Answer 18

Heart (+pericardium)
Left and right main bronchi
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
SVC
Cardiac plexus
Phrenic nerves

Question 19

What is contained in the posterior mediastinum ?

Answer 19

Descending aorta
Post. Intercostal arteries
Bronchial arteries
Azygous veins

Question 20

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 20

T10

Question 21

At what level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 21

T8

Question 22

At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 22

T12

Question 23

What rib muscle is involved in inspiration ?

Answer 23

External intercostals

Question 24

What rib muscle in involved in expiration ?

Answer 24

Internal intercostals

Question 25

Where does the thoracic duct drain ?

Answer 25

The left venous angle

Question 26

What are lipids ?

Answer 26

Insoluble in water 3 classes = cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipid

Question 27

What are the Crista terminalis ?

Answer 27

A boundary between the smooth and rough walls

Question 28

What is the fossa ovalis ?

Answer 28

The remnant of the opening between R and L atria

Question 29

What are the papillary muscles ?

Answer 29

They stop the cusps of the valves reopening during systole

Question 30

What are the chordae tendinae ?

Answer 30

Attaches cusps to papillary muscles

Question 31

What are trabeculae carnae ?

Answer 31

Muscular ridges in the wall of the ventricle

Question 32

How much thicker are the muscles in the L ventricle compared to R ?

Answer 32

2-3 times thicker

Question 33

What is the pressure in the pulmonary circuit and the capillaries?

Answer 33

10-25 mmHg

Question 34

What is the pressure in the venous system ?

Answer 34

5-10 mmHg

Question 35

Where does oxygenated blood flow into a baby?

Answer 35

The umbilical vein

Question 36

What allows blood to pass by the liver in babies ?

Answer 36

Ductus venosus

Question 37

What reduces the oxygenation aortic blood in babies ?

Answer 37

Ductus arteriosus

Question 38

What is the annulus fibrosis ?

Answer 38

A fibrotendinous ring which insulates electrical signals in the heart

Question 39

What mechanism can affect HR ?

Answer 39

Sympathetic = increases HR (tachycardia) Parasympathetic = decreases HR (bradycardia)

Question 40

What nerve decreases the SA node HR from 100bpm to 70bpm ?

Answer 40

The vagus nerve (X) PARASYMPATHETIC R side = SA L side = AV Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors Makes membranes hyperpolarised

Question 41

What do cardiac sympathetic fibres do ?

Answer 41

Leave spinal cord at T1-T5 Supply ventricles and atria NT = Noradrenaline binding to B1 adrenoceptors Increase AV conduction speed, decrease myocyte length, increase relaxation rate, increase contractile force (SV)

Question 42

What is Virchow’s node ?

Answer 42

Lymphatic bulge above clavicle next to neck Suggests tumour, most commonly stomach

Question 43

What epithelium lines nasal cavity — bronchi ?

Answer 43

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

Question 44

What is the trachea supported by ?

Answer 44

10-12 C-shaped hyaline cartilages (can see chondrocytes) Posteriorly, cartilage joints trachealis smooth muscle

Question 45

What does the trachea epithelium contain additionally ?

Answer 45

Submucosa which is rich in seromucous glands

Question 46

What is the organisation of bronchi cartilage ?

Answer 46

Irregular plates

Question 47

What are large bronchioles epithelium ?

Answer 47

Simple ciliated columnar

Question 48

What happens as bronchioles decrease in size ?

Answer 48

Epithelium becomes cuboidal Ciliated cells replaced with club cells

Question 49

What cells make up the alveoli ?

Answer 49

Type I pneumocytes (40%) : SQUAMOUS - gas exchange Type II pneumocytes (60%) : CUBOIDAL - surfactant production (also progenitor for both type I + II) NB type I take up 95z of alveolar surface

Question 50

What is the composition of the endocardium ?

Answer 50

Simple squamous epithelium CT (containing pukinjie fibres + small blood vessels)

Question 51

What is the composition of the myocardium ?

Answer 51

Cardiac muscles

Question 52

What is the composition of the epicardium ?

Answer 52

Mesothelial cells = visceral pericardial layer (produce pericardial fluid) Adipose tissue

Question 53

What are the differences between veins and arteries ?

Answer 53

Veins = tunica media thinner than adventitia, smooth muscles cells aren’t as organised , VALVES

Question 54

pH calculation

Answer 54

pH = -log10H+