CV&R Anatomy Flashcards
Which lung has 3 lobes ?
Right
Superior, middle and inferior
Where is the pulmonary artery situated at the hilum ?
Superior
Where is the pulmonary vein situated at the hilum ?
Inferior
Where are the bronchi situated at the hilum ?
Posterior
How many lobar (primary) bronchi are there in each lung ?
3 right, 2 left
How many segmental (secondary) bronchi are there in each lung ?
Right 10, left 8
What carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs ?
Pulmonary arteries
What carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs ?
Pulmonary veins
What are auricles on the heart ?
Look like pig ears
What is the coronary sulcus on the heart ?
Ridge created by auricles, marks the atrioventricular groove
What lies between the ventricles exteriorly ?
Anterior intraventricular artery
What is the difference between the right and left bronchus ?
The right is shorter, straighter and wider
This means inhaled objects are more likely to be found here
What are the fissures of the lungs ?
Right = horizontal and oblique
Left = oblique
What nerve is responsible for vocal cord paralysis ?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What causes laryngeal nerve damage ?
Tumour
TB/Nodes
Trauma
What is contained in the superior mediastinum ?
Aortic arch
SVC
Vagus Nerve
Phrenic nerve
Thymus
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct
What is contained in the anterior mediastinum ?
No major structures
What is contained in the middle mediastinum ?
Heart (+pericardium)
Left and right main bronchi
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
SVC
Cardiac plexus
Phrenic nerves
What is contained in the posterior mediastinum ?
Descending aorta
Post. Intercostal arteries
Bronchial arteries
Azygous veins
At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10
At what level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?
T8
At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
T12
What rib muscle is involved in inspiration ?
External intercostals
What rib muscle in involved in expiration ?
Internal intercostals
Where does the thoracic duct drain ?
The left venous angle
What are lipids ?
Insoluble in water
3 classes = cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipid
What are the Crista terminalis ?
A boundary between the smooth and rough walls
What is the fossa ovalis ?
The remnant of the opening between R and L atria
What are the papillary muscles ?
They stop the cusps of the valves reopening during systole
What are the chordae tendinae ?
Attaches cusps to papillary muscles
What are trabeculae carnae ?
Muscular ridges in the wall of the ventricle
How much thicker are the muscles in the L ventricle compared to R ?
2-3 times thicker
What is the pressure in the pulmonary circuit and the capillaries?
10-25 mmHg
What is the pressure in the venous system ?
5-10 mmHg
Where does oxygenated blood flow into a baby?
The umbilical vein
What allows blood to pass by the liver in babies ?
Ductus venosus
What reduces the oxygenation aortic blood in babies ?
Ductus arteriosus
What is the annulus fibrosis ?
A fibrotendinous ring which insulates electrical signals in the heart
What mechanism can affect HR ?
Sympathetic = increases HR (tachycardia)
Parasympathetic = decreases HR (bradycardia)
What nerve decreases the SA node HR from 100bpm to 70bpm ?
The vagus nerve (X) PARASYMPATHETIC
R side = SA
L side = AV
Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors
Makes membranes hyperpolarised
What do cardiac sympathetic fibres do ?
Leave spinal cord at T1-T5
Supply ventricles and atria
NT = Noradrenaline binding to B1 adrenoceptors
Increase AV conduction speed, decrease myocyte length, increase relaxation rate, increase contractile force (SV)
What is Virchow’s node ?
Lymphatic bulge above clavicle next to neck
Suggests tumour, most commonly stomach
What epithelium lines nasal cavity — bronchi ?
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
What is the trachea supported by ?
10-12 C-shaped hyaline cartilages (can see chondrocytes)
Posteriorly, cartilage joints trachealis smooth muscle
What does the trachea epithelium contain additionally ?
Submucosa which is rich in seromucous glands
What is the organisation of bronchi cartilage ?
Irregular plates
What are large bronchioles epithelium ?
Simple ciliated columnar
What happens as bronchioles decrease in size ?
Epithelium becomes cuboidal
Ciliated cells replaced with club cells
What cells make up the alveoli ?
Type I pneumocytes (40%) : SQUAMOUS - gas exchange
Type II pneumocytes (60%) : CUBOIDAL - surfactant production (also progenitor for both type I + II)
NB type I take up 95z of alveolar surface
What is the composition of the endocardium ?
Simple squamous epithelium
CT (containing pukinjie fibres + small blood vessels)
What is the composition of the myocardium ?
Cardiac muscles
What is the composition of the epicardium ?
Mesothelial cells = visceral pericardial layer (produce pericardial fluid)
Adipose tissue
What are the differences between veins and arteries ?
Veins = tunica media thinner than adventitia, smooth muscles cells aren’t as organised , VALVES
pH calculation
pH = -log10H+
