CV Overview

Question 1

Atrio-ventricular valves

Answer 1

have tendons (chordae tendinae) and papillary muscles to reduce the possibility of valve eversion
Right atrio-ventricular valve is called the tricuspid (Right Side has Tricuspid –> RST)
Left atrio-ventricular valve is bicuspid or mitral

Question 2

Semilunar valves

Answer 2

are named for their crescent-moon shape

Located between the ventricles and the arteries
Called the Pulmonary and the Aortic valves
Each semilunar valve has three (3) cuplike leaflets

Question 3

Systole = ventricular _______

Answer 3

contraction

Question 4

Diastole = ventricular ______

Answer 4

relaxation

Question 5

Determinants of Cardiac Output (CO) are:

Answer 5

Stroke Volume (SV)
Volume of blood ejected per beat
SV = EDV – ESV  (of ventricle)

Heart Rate (HR)
Number of heartbeats per minute

SV*HR= CO

Question 6

Parasympathetic nervous system on CO

Answer 6

decrease HR
decrease AP conduction velocity (AV node)
decrease force of atrial contraction
decrease CO

Question 7

Starling’s Law of the Heart

Answer 7

If cardiac filling increases during diastole, the volume ejected during systole also increases.

Main Point: stroke volume (thus, CO) is strongly influenced by cardiac filling during diastole.

Heart pumps what it receives

Question 8

Sympathetic Nervous System on CO

Answer 8

increase HR
increase AP conduction velocity
increase force of contraction
Increase rate of contraction and relaxation
increase CO

Question 9

Arteries have what type of flow

Answer 9

Divergent flow

Pressure reservoir

Question 10

Capillaries are the site of

Answer 10

diffusion

Question 11

Veins have what type of flow

Answer 11

convergent

Volume reservoir

Question 12

Sympathetic nerve activity causes what on arterioles, venules, and veins.

Answer 12

constriction of arterioles, venules, and veins.

Reduction in diameter decreases blood flow.

Question 13

Arteriolar smooth muscle are responsive to local

Answer 13

metabolic changes

Increased tissue metabolic rate leads to arteriolar dilation and increased tissue blood flow

Question 14

Total blood volume in average-size adult is _____ L and is about _____ of total body weight.

Answer 14

~5 liters

8%

Question 15

% composition of blood

Answer 15

plasma 55%
formed elements 45%
leukocytes and platelets 1%

Question 16

CO is distributed among systemic organs primarily based on their

Answer 16

individual resistance

Question 17

For effective efficient ventricular pumping action, the heart must be functioning properly in five basic respects:

Answer 17

1. Contractions of ind. cardiac muscle cells must occur at regular intervals & be synchronized (not arrhythmic)
2. Valves must open fully (not stenotic)
3. Valves must not leak ( not insufficient or regurgitant)
4. Muscle contractions must be forceful (not failing)
5. Ventricles must fill adequately during diastole