CV Midterm/Quiz 1 Flashcards
Name 3 symptoms of CV Pt. History
Chest Pain, Palpitations, Dyspnea, Edema, Syncope
Orthopnea, Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
If a patient presents with severe tearing or ripping chest pain, what may be the cause?
Aortic Disection
Very brief, sharp, and stabbing pain that is localized on a superficial chest wall, and may be worse with palpating is indicative of what?
Psychogenic or Musculoskeletal Pain
What is the most common cause of Syncope, and what are some of its features?
Vasovagal Syncope
Sweating, nausea, dizziness, feeling cold, triggered by prolonged standing, pain, or an unpleasant environment.
What is Myxedema?
Edema resulting from hypothyroidism.
What is Anasarca?
Edema involving all aspects of the body: upper and lower extremities, and the face.
When would you take a comprehensive vs. a focused history?
Comprehensive:
- New Patient
- Annual visit
- Hospital Admission
Focused:
- Routine Follow-up
- Acute Care Visit
Why do we take a Pt. History?
3 reasons
- Characterize Concerns
- Evaluate Risk Factors
- Develop a differential Diagnosis
What are the 3 types of capillaries? What are their characteristics?
Continuous:
- Cells meet, with no holes
Fenestrated:
-Cells meet, but full of fenestrations (holes)
Discontinuous:
-Cells don’t meet. Allow proteins to leave.
Which vessels have the largest impact on BP?
Arterioles
Which vessels most easily allow WBC extravatioin?
Venues
What is the difference between Angina and Myocardial Infarction?
Angina is Cardiac cell pain
Infarction is actual cell death and damage.
What are the differences between Arteries vs. Veins?
Arteries have
- Smaller lumen
- Largest tunica media
- higher elastic fibers
- Vessels maintain cylindrical shape
Veins have
- larger tunica External
- Valves.
What are the functional roles of vessel endothelium?
- Mediates the bidirectional exchange of molecules from blood to tissue
- Offers no-thrombogenic surface and controls clot formation
- Facilitates local inflammation and immune response.
- Promotes proliferation of cells within the vascular wall and WBC.
What are the histological layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima
- Endothelium
- Subendothelium: loose CT, may contain scattered smooth muscle
Tunica Media: Middle layer composed of smooth muscle and elastic fiber
Tunica External: loses CT of collagen 1 and elastic fiber. Also contains autonomic nerve fibers and Vasa vasorum (small vessels that feed large vessels)
How do you differentiate the Epicardium from the endocardium?
Epicardium has fat and vessels.
What is another name for Visceral Pericardium?
Mesothelium
Explain cardiac muscle tissue
Short cells with singe (maybe two) central nucleus
Cross-striations
Intercalated discs of desomosomes, fascia adherents, and gap junctions (electrical binding)
Often branched.
What makes up Cardiac Output?
Stroke Volume and HR
What is the ejection Fraction?
The ratio of the Stroke volume over the End Diastole Volume.
Normal is .55-.7
What type of nervous control is most important for coronary circulation?
Local Control.