CV Disorders & Terminology Overview Flashcards
Cardiac Tamponade:
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac impairs diastolic filling and reduces cardiac output; complication of MI or dissection of aorta at root.
Aneurysm:
Abnormal dilation of BV leading to weakness & rupture. Excessive bleeding and organ damage may occur
Berry Aneurysm:
a small saccular aneurysm of a cerebral artery, usually at the junction of vessels in the circle of Willis; such aneurysms frequently rupture, causing subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Congenital
an anomaly present at birth.
Phlebothrombosis
Inflammation of a vein which predisposes it to a blood clot.
Intermittent Claudication
pain and cramping in the calf with exercise due to ischemia
What is a sign of an aneurysm?
sudden sever pain in head or abdomen (brain, aorta)
What is a sign of intermittent claudication?
pain with walking that decreases with rest.
Raynaud’s disease
idiopathic (suspected d/t vascular spasm) disease, characterized by intermittent attacks of ischemia of the extremities (fingers, toes, ears, nose).
Raynaud’s syndrome
arterial spams d/t abnormal SNS firing.
Congestive heart failure (disease)
a circulatory disturbance caused by cardiac pump failure thus heart muscle doesn’t pump well d/t CAD or HTN.
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of an organ or body part due to increased cell size (usually skeletal muscle).
Hypertensive Stroke
a sudden rupture of cerebral arteries (intracranial hemorrhage).
Hypertension
an elevation of BP above the normal range for a prolonged period of time increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack.
What is considered hypertensive value?
high BP threshold is 140/90 and “dangerous” is 160/95.
Ischemic Heart Disease
Insufficient coronary blood flow leading to a heart attack (MI) - occlusion of coronary artery can lead to heart necrosis.
Eclampsia
Gravest form of toxemia of pregnancy, characterized by hypertension, renal dysfunction and seizures.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (aka thrombophlebitis)
Swelling and inflammation of a vein d/t a blood clot (partial or complete occlusion of a vein by a thrombus).
Buerger’s Disease (aka thromboangiitis obliterans)
Inflammatory reaction of the arteries to nicotine, found in smokers.
Diastole:
Resting phase of the contraction cycle, characterized by dilation of ventricles.
Systole:
The ejection of blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Coagulation:
Physiological process leading to blood clots, aka “clotting”.
Coagulation factor:
a group of 13 plasma proteins responsible for blood clotting.
What does the cardiovascular loop transport?
oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells;
carbon dioxide and metabolic end products OUT of the cells.
What is Beck’s Triad related to?
A collection of three medical signs associated with acute cardiac tamponade.
What are the three medical signs of Beck’s Triad?
- distended neck veins (JVD)
- muffled heart sounds
- hypotension
What is the most common cause of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
atherosclerosis
What at 4 risk factors of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
- male>female
- smoking
- hypertension
- advanced age
What are 3 characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- diastolic dysfunction
- risk of sudden death in young athletes
- thickened left ventricular wall
What are 3 characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy?
- enlargement of all cardiac chambers
- systolic dysfunction
- most common type
What are 3 characteristics of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
- rigid ventricular walls
- diastolic dysfunction
- least common types
Aortic Stenosis
Narrowing and calcification of the aortic valve results in the left ventricular outflow obstruction
What are 3 main causes of aortic stenosis?
- calcific disease of trileaflet valve
- calcification of a bicuspid valve
- rheumatic valve disease
What are 3 characteristics of systolic dysfunction?
- impaired contractility
- thin/weak heart muscle
- low ejection fraction
What are 3 characteristics of diastolic dysfunction?
- impaired filling/relaxation
- stiff/thick heart muscle
- normal ejection fraction
What are 4 systolic etiologies?
- ischemic heart disease
- chronic HTN
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- myocarditis
What are 4 diastolic etiologies?
- HTN w. LV hypertrophy
- amyloidosis
- sarcoidosis
- fibrosis
Holiday Heart Syndrome:
The occurrence of an acute cardiac arrhythmia, most commonly atrial fibrillation, after an episode of binge drinking (usually transient and self-limiting).
What are 6 adverse medical conditions that can occur due to arterio/atherosclerosis?
- angina
- MI
- TIA
- Ischemic stroke
- intermittent claudication
- aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis:
generic term used for hardening & narrowing of any artery in the body - muscle and elastic tissue of the tunica media are replaced by fibrous tissue (arterial walls become thick, hard and lose elasticity).
Atherosclerosis:
Multifactorial disease of arteries affected by atheromas - does NOT affect arterioles, gradual decrease of lumen d/t abnormal mass build up.
Give a brief run through of the order of techniques you would use when treating a client with severe/complex CCVD:
Start:
- position pt in propped up or semi-fowlers
- have pt pay attention to trying to do slow, calm breaths
- compressions from hip down the legs to feet
- a few gentle distraction of ankles
- small ROM ankle rolls
- rocking the foot lightly with thenar eminence on the malleoli
- foot compressions
- toe distraction
- spread toes and “crack the crab” on feet
- subtle jt. play into supination and pronation
- work lumbricals
- effleurage to flush
- end with ankle rolls without oil.
What are 3 DO NOT’s of a systemic massage treatment for severe/ complex CCVD?
- lay in flat position
- work towards the heart
- take joints to end ranges of motion
