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CRRAB Week 3 > CV Development > Flashcards

CV Development Flashcards

1
Q

Where doe the heart develop early on?

A

Rostal to the developing nervous system. In cariogenic area near head, from splanchnic mesoderm.

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2
Q

How does the early heart get to the thorax?

A

Folding of the embryo brings the cariogenic structures into the thorax.

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3
Q

What is any abnormal development of the heart usually caused by?

A

Neural crest cells

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4
Q

Where do neural crest cells go during the rostral-caudal folding of the embryo?

A

Neural crest cells (ectoderm cells) from the cervical and thoracic region migrate into the developing cardiac structures and supply visceral sensory and motor (autonomic) innervation to cardiac structures.

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5
Q

What do neural crest cells do to cardiac structures?

A

Supply visceral sensory and motor (autonomic) innervation

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6
Q

What is the significance of neural crest cell migration?

A

Pain may be referred from hear to the chest wall, neck and all the way to the angle of the mandible

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7
Q

What fibers supply the neck?

A

Cervical sensory fibers

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8
Q

What is NOT derived from neural crest ectoderm?

A

Cardiac muscle cells

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9
Q

What are the three developing venous systems?

A
  1. Vitelline veins
  2. Umbilical veins
  3. Cardinal veins
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10
Q

What do vitelline veins do?

A

Form the portal system of veins that drain the GI tract

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11
Q

What do umbilical veins do?

A

Drain the placenta

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12
Q

What do Cardinal veins do?

A

Veins related to the caval system (give rise to caval system)
(superior and inferior vena cava)

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13
Q

What vessel is derived from embryonic cardinal veins?

A

Azygous vein

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14
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the developing heart tube?

A
  1. The vitelline, umbilical and cardinal veins drain into the sinus venosus.
  2. Blood from the sinus then enters the developing atrium –> ventricle –> bulbs cordis –> truncus arteriosus
  3. Then blood flows into the aortic sac from which the aortic arches take origin
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15
Q

What are the five components of the developing heart tube?

A
  1. Sinus venosus
  2. Primitive atrium
  3. Primitive ventricle
  4. Bulbus cordis
  5. Truncus arteriosus
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16
Q

What are the entry and exit sites for the heart of the developing embryo?

A

Enter: Sinus venosus
Exit: Truncus arteriosus

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17
Q

Blood returning to the developing heart from the developing gastrointestinal tract enters the:

A

Sinus venosus

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18
Q

What happens very early in development to the two heart tubes?

A

The two tubes fuse

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19
Q

What does folding of the early heart tube to the right cause?

A

It brings the superior and inferior vena cava to the right

-Acquires the general external appearance of the adult heart

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20
Q

What are two developmental anomalies related to folding?

A
  1. Dextrocardia

2. Detrocardia with situs inversus

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21
Q

What is Dextrocardia?

A

Condition in which the heart tube bends to the left instead of to the right.
-Heart is displaced to the right and there is a transposition whereby the heart and its vessels are reversed., as a mirror image.

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22
Q

What is Dextrocardia with situs inversus?

A

Dextrocardia plus a transposition of the viscera (other internal organs)

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23
Q

When are cardiac defects greater (dex vs. dex w/ situs inverus?

A

When there is dextrocardia (usually these people don’t survive), but much less problems when there is dectrocardia with situs inversus.

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24
Q

When the developing heart tube bends to the left rather than to the right, the developmental anomaly is referred to as:

A

Dextrocardia

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25
Q

What are the roles of the endocardial cushions in heart development?

A
  • Divide the atrioventricular canal into right and left channels
  • Contribute to the formation of the tricuspid and mitral valves
  • Contribute to the membranous portion of the interventricular septum
  • Participate in the closure of the primary atrial septum
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26
Q

What is the endocardial cushion made up of?

A

Extracellular matrix than enlarges and produces outgrowths from the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) walls of the developing heart tube that serve to separate the primitive atrium from the primitive ventricle.
-And provide right and left channel for flow of blood from primitive atrium to primitive ventricle

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27
Q

What are the developmental anomalies associated with abnormal endocardial cushion development?

A
  1. Mitral atresia
  2. Tricuspid atresia
  3. Persistent atrioventricular canal (no cushions combine to close this)
  4. Atrial septal defect (ASD) (patent primary foramen)
  5. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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28
Q

The endocardial cushions contribute o the development of all the following heart structures EXCEPT the:

a. Foramen ovale
b. Interatrial septum
c. Interventricular septum
d. mitral valve
e. tricuspid valve

A

Foramen ovale

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29
Q

What happens during the division on the primitive atrium?

A
  • Primary septum and secondary septum partition the primitive atrium into right and left atria
  • Primary septum forms first
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30
Q

How does the primary septum develop?

A
  1. Primary septum begins development from the atrial walls and grows toward the developing endocardial cushions. The opening between the primary septum and the endocardial cushions is the primary foramen.
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31
Q

Where does the secondary septum (of primitive atrium) form?

A

To the right of the primary septum.

-It also grows toward the endocardial cushions

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32
Q

How does the secondary foramen form?

A

Before the primary septum fuses with the endocardial cushions, and closes the primary foramen, a breakdown of the primary septum begins to occur which forms the secondary foramen.

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33
Q

What is the significance of the secondary foramen?

A

Allows communication between the right and left atria as the primary foramen is closing (due to fusion of primary septum with the endocardial cushions)

34
Q

What does the secondary septum form?

A

Foramen ovale

35
Q

What closes the foramen ovale after birth?

A

Primary septum serves as a valve flap to close the foramen ovale after birth

36
Q

When happens when ventricular systole occurs in fetal development?

A

Blood flow from right atrium to left atrium, passing through the foramen ovale and the secondary foramen.

37
Q

What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?

A

Primary septum serves as a valve flap to close it.

38
Q

Which of the following structures contributes to the formation of the valve of the foramen ovale?

A

Primary septum

39
Q

Which of the following structures contributes to the formation of the secondary foramen?

A

Primary septum

40
Q

What are bulbar and truncal ridge tissues derived from?

A

Neural crest mesenchyme

41
Q

What does bulbar and truncal ridge tissue give rise to?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum

42
Q

What does spiraling of the aorticopulmonary septum do?

A

Divides the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

43
Q

What does the bulbus cordis become?

A

Conus arteriosus or infundibulum (right ventricle) and aortic vestibule (left ventricle)

44
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus become?

A

It gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk

45
Q

Bulbar and truncal ridges are derived primarily from:

A

Neural crest mesenchyme

46
Q

The aorticopulmonary septum is derived from the:

A

Bulbar and truncal ridges

47
Q

What divides the primitive ventricle?

A

Muscular and membranous interventricular septum

48
Q

What derives the muscular portion of the interventricular septum?

A

Myoblasts

49
Q

What forms the membranous portion of the interventricular septum?

A

Endocardial cushions and their fusion with the aorticopulmonary septum
[Endocardial cushions + bulbar ridges]

50
Q

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the formation of the inter ventricular septum:

a. Aorticopulmonary septum
b. Bulbar ridges
c. Endocardial cushions
d. Myoblasts
e. Primary interatrial septum

A

e. Primary interatrial septum

51
Q

In early development, what do the aortic arches do?

A

Serve to connect the developing heart tube to the dorsal aorta.

52
Q

What does the aortic sac contribute to/become?

A

Aortic arch and brachiocephalic trunk (artery)

53
Q

What does the left 4th aortic arch give rise to?

A

Aortic arch

54
Q

What does the right aortic arch contribute to?

A

Right subclavian artery

55
Q

What does the left 6th aortic arch (proximal portion) form?

A

Proximal part of left pulmonary artery

56
Q

What does the left 6th aortic arch (distal portion) form?

A

Ductus arteriosus (connects pulmonary artery with aorta)

57
Q

What does the right 6th aortic arch (proximal portion) contribute to?

A

Proximal part of right pulmonary artery (going to lungs)

58
Q

What does the right 6th aortic arch (distal portion) do?

A

Degenerates

59
Q

What does the various parts of the 6th aortic arch form after birth?

A

Left (proximal) - proximal part of left pulmonary artery
Left (distal) - Ligamentum arteriosum (former ductus arteriosum)
Right (proximal) - proximal part of right pulmonary artery

60
Q

The right 4th aortic arch contributes to the formation of the:

A

Subclavian artery

61
Q

The ductus arterioles is formed by the:

A

left 6th aortic arch

62
Q

Where does blood come from in fetal circulation?

A

The ductus venous shunts blood from the left umbilical vein directly through the liver and into the inferior vena cava.

63
Q

Where does blood go after it is in the inferior vena cava in fetal circulation?

A

Blood from IVC is directed through the foramen ovale.

64
Q

What side of the heart is thicker fetally?

A

Right because its pumping a lot more

65
Q

What is the pathway of oxygenated (fetal) blood once it goes though the foramen ovale?

A

Left atrium –> Left ventricle –> out aorta –> pelvis –> placenta

66
Q

What takes place in the right atrium of fetal circulation?

A

Mixing! (oxygenated and deoxygenated blood)

67
Q

What areas receive well oxygenated blood in fetal circulation?

A

Liver, arteries supplying heart, head, neck and upper limbs receive well-oxygenated blood

68
Q

Where does most blood from the right ventricle go in fetal circulation?

A

Through the ductus arteriosus and into the aorta (only 5-10% goes to the lungs)

69
Q

What closes in the circulation after birth?

A
  • Foramen ovale
  • Ductus arteriosus
  • Umbilical vein
  • Ductus venosus
70
Q

What happens when the foramen ovale closes?

A
  • Inc. blood flow through lungs resulting in increased pressure in the left atrium
  • Dec. pressure in right atrium due to termination of blood flow from the placenta
  • P in LA inc., P in RA dec.
71
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

-within 96 hours

72
Q

What mediates the closure of ductus arteriosus?

A

Bradykinins and Prostaglandins

-It closes due to contraction of smooth muscle cells in response to inc. O2.

73
Q

What does the umbilical vein become?

A

Round ligament of the liver (hepatis ligamentous teres)

74
Q

What does the ductus venosus become?

A

Ligamentum venosum

75
Q

What do distal umbilical arteries form?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

76
Q

What do proximal umbilical arteries form?

A

Remain as superior vesical arteries - supply urinary bladder

77
Q

What gives rise to the ligamentous arteriosum?

A

Left 6th aortic arch

78
Q

What is responsible for the formation of the medial umbilical ligaments?

A

Umbilical arteries

79
Q

What is responsible for the formation of the ligamentum teres (round ligament of the liver)?

A

Umbilical vein

80
Q

What is responsible of the formation of the foramen ovale?

A

Secondary septum

CRRAB Week 3 (12 decks)

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