cuneiform Flashcards
๐ญ
an(syllabic), digir(god or goddess, determinative used before names of divine entities)
๐ฒ
gal(a large cup, big, large, great, full-grown,to be big, large, great
to be older, elder, eldest)
๐ค
mah(to be high, chief, senior, lofty, exalted, august
to be great, large, magnificent)
๐
dumu, tur(small(er), young(er), minor, junior
short (time)
impetuous, wild, young one, child, infant
offspring, progeny
attendant child, son, daughter
citizen (of a particular city)
Synonym: ๐๐ (dumu-girโโ
/โ dumugirโ /)
member of a class, group, craft,small,
young
brief to be small, young
to reduce, subtract, diminish, deduct)
๐
e^2(house, household, estate
temple ,
๐ณ
kur(mountain
(foreign) land, country
east, easterner, east wind
netherworld)
๐
kala(g)(to be strong, mighty, powerful
๐ ๐๐ต โ lugal kalag-ga /lugal kalaga/ โ a mighty king
to strengthen, reinforce, mend
to provide for)
๐
lugal(king)
๐ท
la(syllabic)
๐
re(enclitic) that (far from both the speaker and the listener)
๐
ne(syllabic), bi^2, de^3
๐
ki(place
๐ ๐ท โ ki-gฬaโ /kigฬรข/ โ at mine (literally, โat my placeโ)
ground, earth
the netherworld
(relative pronoun) where
state, country, determinative used after geographical and place names)
๐ฌ
mu, (name, fame, line of text, year, cook(occupation), ( enclitic) my (first-person possessive pronoun)
๐
a (water, fluid
semen, sperm, seed
offspring, child
watercourse, locative inflection)
๐จ
ur(a beast of prey, dog, lion
(personal names) mostly translated as โdog ofโ when followed by a divine name, but some have connected it to the pronoun ๐ฏ (urโ
/โ urโ /, โhe of, the one ofโ). When it follows a divine name in the phrase ๐จ๐ฌ (ur-gฬuโโ /โ teลกgฬuโ /, โmy pride, my dignityโ), scholars agree on the reading ๐จ (teลกโ /โ teลกโ /).
๐พ
na(stone, boulder)
๐
ni((vegetable) oil
fat, tallow
butter, grease, to shine, (time) to pass
to flow
to get up early
to finish, come to an end
to dissolve, melt, break down
to quake)
๐
du^3(to build, erect, make
to plant
to apply, affix, make fast, build onto, fasten onto
to detain, hold back, restrain, impede, catch, hold onto, retain
to drive in, insert, to be all, nail, stalk of rushes)
๐จ
me(to be
๐ท๐ ๐๐พ๐จ๐ โ gฬeโโ-e a-na-me-en /gฬe anamen/ โ What am I?
๐ ๐ฌ๐ฎ โ ma-mu-dam /mamudam/ โ It was a dream.
๐ท๐ ๐
๐๐ ๐๐จ๐๐๐ โ gฬaโ-e uโ za-e ลกeลก-me-en-deโ-en /gฬe u ze ลกeลกmenden/ โ You and I are brothers.
Usage notes
๐จ (me) is only used as a copula. To express the existential meaning of โto be somewhereโ, โto be thereโ the verb ๐
(gฬalโ /โ gฬalโ /) is used instead.
The copula is inflected like an intransitive verb in the perfective. Independent and enclitic forms are in complementary distribution: the enclitic form is used when the copula would otherwise only consist of a vocalic prefix, verbal stem and person suffix; the independent form is used in all other cases.
The copula lacks the distinction of tense and aspect. Only the context can clarify whether the copula refers to past, present or future.
In Old Sumerian, the final consonant of the person suffixes was not written (so both ๐จ๐ (me-en /โ menโ /) and ๐ (me-eลก /โ meลกโ /) were written ๐จ (me)); the third person enclitic form was written ๐ญ (amโ /โ amโ /).
After clitics ending in a vowel, the third person enclitic form ๐๐ญ (amโ /โ amโ /) was reduced to /m/ already in Old Sumerian. Like other syllable-final consonants, it was never written during that period and only occasionally from Old Akkadian on:
๐๐ฌ โ eโ-gฬuโโ /egฬรปm/ โ itโs my house
Inflection
Conjugation of ๐จ (me)
Etymology 2
Pronoun
๐จ * (me /mฤ/)
(enclitic) our (first-person plural possessive pronoun)
Usage notes
The /e/ of ๐จ (me) does not contract with the locative case marker:
๐ท๐จ๐ โ iri-me-a /irimฤโa/ โ in our city
The /e/ of ๐จ (me) contracts with the vowel of the genitive case marker, resulting in /รช/:
๐๐พ๐จ๐
โ egir dub-me-ka /egir dubmรชka/ โ on the reverse of our tablet
Etymology 3
Noun
๐จ * (iลกib)
purification priest, magician
spell
Verb
๐จ * (iลกib)
to be pure, clear)
๐
until, lord
๐ ๐๐
Sumer
๐ ๐ต
Akkad
๐
gis(tree
wood, timber, log
yoke)
๐ฃ
zi(life, breath, throat, true)
๐
su(hand
handwriting
responsibility)
๐ค
lil^2(wind, air
open air, outdoors, open country
nothingness
phantom)
๐ซ
ta((place) from, out of
๐๐ต๐ ๐ซ ๐๐ค๐ ๐
ummaki-ta nibruki-ลกeโ
from Umma to Nippur
(time) from, since
๐ ๐๐บ๐ซ ๐ ๐๐
uโ eโ-ta uโ ลกu-uลก
from sunrise to sunset
(instrumental) with, by means of
๐น ๐ป๐บ ๐๐ ๐๐ซ ๐
๐ค
diลก udu niga lugal-e gฬirโ-ta in-gaz
the king killed one fattened sheep with a dagger
(causal) thanks to, because of
๐ ๐ญ๐๐ซ
aโ dnanลกe-ta
thanks to the strength of the goddes Nanshe)
๐ฆ
un(people,population)
๐
ma(house, temple)
๐บ๐ผ๐
ensi2(ruler, governor, city ruler, farmer)
๐
a(water, fluid
semen, sperm, seed
offspring, child
watercourse)
๐ฝ
lu^2(man, person
someone
person in charge
(virtual relative pronoun) the one who)
๐ฆ
bad^3(wall, fortification)
๐ ๐ค๐
Gudea(ensi of the state of Lagash)
๐
ak(to do, perform, act
to make, construct
to treat, make into, make like)
๐
a2(arm
wing
side, edge (of a knife)
strength, force, military force
labor, work force
work period/unit (measured in days)
(point in) time
wage, hire, fee, payment, expenditure
horn, antler)
๐
da(side, edge)
se3(to, towards)
๐ป
nig2(thing)
๐
si(horn, finger, fret, to fill)
๐
im(clay, mud, tablet, wind, spirit, soul, rain)
๐ท
li(juniper, to be rich, compound verb element of uncertain meaning, possibly something to do with asking, investigating, or taking care of)
๐ป
tar(to divide, separate, cut, cut down
to untie, loosen
to scatter, disperse)
๐ญ๐๐
dNanna34(Nanna, the moon god, patron of Ur)
๐
ra(to hit, beat upon, strike down
to drive (animals)
to impress (a seal))(to, for)
๐ก
nu(to be not, no)
๐
ab(sea, hole, opening, window, roof vent)
๐พ
rib, arrow, some tenses of to approach
๐
ri(to lie (heavily) upon, press upon, put onto/into
to push
to oppress
to affix, cover with
to found, erect, lay down
to equip with
to mix into
to impose
to lay down)
re(that)
๐
gi(reed
a measuring reed
a unit of length equal to 6 ๐ (kuลกโ, โcubitsโ).)
๐
nam(being, state (โthat which isโ)
fate, destiny
Synonym: ๐๐ป (nam-tar /โ namtarโ /, โfateโ)
will, testament
(with genitive + ลกeโ) because of
๐๐๐ โ nam-bi-ลกeโ /nambiลกe/ โ because of this, for this)
๐
gi4(to return
to send back, send over
to send (as a messenger)
to turn away, turn back
to bar, close, lock away)
๐
bad(to open up, spread wide, separate
to untie, unravel, reveal
to be distant, remote, removed
to thresh)
๐
e(hey, certain tenses of to speak)
๐ท
hu(to scrape off, grub up)
๐ฃ
nun(noble, prince, ruler, foremost, best)
๐ฃ๐ฌ
tur3(stall, cattle pen, byre)
๐ฃ
ma2(boat, ship)
๐ค
ke4(reed mat)
๐๐ญ
am3(compound element which is possibly syllabic)
๐ถ
gin7(like,as), dim2(to build, fashion, form, create
to make like, make into
to act, behave like)
๐ฉ
munus(woman)
๐ช
zu(building material, to know
to know how, be able to
to experience
to acknowledge, make known, proclaim
to learn, discover
to inform, teach,)(thy, your (second-person possessive pronoun))
๐ฏ
mul(star)
๐ด
arad(slave)
๐
bar(compound verbal element)
๐
ru(remove, compound verbal element re-position)
๐
ig(door)
๐บ
du(build)
๐
ib(covering)
๐ช
ku(place), tush(sit)
๐
kaskal(way)
๐
us2(to be adjacent to, border on
to lean/lie against
to moor (a boat)
to accompany, follow)
๐
ang2(measure)
๐
bu(howl)
๐ค
sud(to be distant, remote
to be long-lasting, long-lived
to extend, prolong, elongate)
๐จ๐ญ๐
Ur-Nammu(first ruler of Ur III dynasty)
๐ฉ
alan(statue)
๐ถ
he2(to mix)
๐
igi(eye)
๐
za(bead)
๐ฉ๐ณ
geme2(worker)
๐
gu(cord)
๐ฎ
dam(spouse)
๐
nin(lady)
๐
sang(head)
๐
gid2(to be long)
๐ญ๐๐
Bau(d ba-u2)
๐
ib(covering)
๐ฒ
la2(hang)
๐น
dish(one)
๐ง
shum2(to give)
๐
in(to abuse)
๐
tu(priest)
pi(a unit of capacity)
๐ท
sa6(equal)
๐ป
ngar(to place)
na2(to lie/lay down, to be ill)
pad3(to find, discover, name, nominate)
u4(to bray, bellow, bawl; voice, cry, noise)
๐ช
mi(compound verb verbal element)
ul(to be distant in time)(distant time)
๐
ka(an official)
uru*only first symbol, compound element of uncertain meaning
an(syllabic), digir(god or goddess, determinative used before names of divine entities)
e-ne-eg3(emesal for word)
