cumulative final Flashcards
what is a motor skill
motor action with an outcome in mind/ goal-directed movement
what is motor behavior
humans’ ability to produce skilled movements in response to sensory information
what is motor development
change in motor behavior throughout one’s lifetime (evolution, baby learning life)
what is motor control
acquisition of controlling a movement (brain)
what is motor learning
practice and experience to produce a permanent change {skilled movement, sports practicing}
what is psychophysics
sensation is a motor control process; perception is a motor learning process
what is perception action-coupling
perception of movement-related factors is matched with motor skill actions to accomplish a movement goal
what is the quality of skill
level of skill (pretty simple or general)
what is the nature of abilities
where the “skill” comes from
what is ability
having all the tools or instruments in order to do it correctly (without it, performance will suffer)
what is skill
baking skills (different w/ everyone), performance quality
what is knowledge
knowing how to bake a cake (theory), same with everyone
what is coordination
body patterning segments relative to one another
what is talent
combination of skill & ability
what is an example of ability
Running speed, dependent on physical
what is an example of skill
Stealing a base, long-distance jump knowledge of sport combined with running mechanics
what are the 3 classifications of skills
discrete, serial, continuous
what is a discrete skill
clear beginning & end middle steps don’t really matter, baseball pitch
what is a serial skill
ordered steps, multiple discrete skills; basketball
what is a continuous skill
repetitive, walking
what are the 2 types of motor skills
gross and fine
what are two types of skills based on environment
open and closed skills
what is an open skill
a changing or response to environment
what is an example of an open skill
randy johnson hitting a pigeon with a baseball, relatively unpredictable
what is a closed skill
relatively stable and predictable environment
what is an example of a closed skill
running on a track
how do you determine internally paced movements
person is determining, running
how do you determine externally paced movements
others’ decisions determine their decisions, fb player running right because defender is on the left
what is a regulatory condition
environmental factors that directly or indirectly influence how the motor skills are performed
what are the 3 fleishmans categories of abilities
Physical, psychomotor, and psychological
what are the 5 Gentile’s taxonomy of motor skills
stable body, quasi-mobile, mobile body, object manipulation, environmental context
what is quasi mobile
moving body but not transporting to another place (walking in place)
what is environmental context
open or closed skill
what are hierarchial theories
top down manner, highest going down
what are psychomotor abilities
driving
what happens when a weightlifter losing a weight
changes from closed to open environment
what is the reflex theory
reflexes are a respond to movement
what is the dynamic systems theory
All behavior is a combination of environment, task, and behavior
what is motor program theory
Ordered steps to complete a specific movement
what is the ecological theory
Describes that our perceptions of the environment cue the behavior, in order to get desired outcome
what is the systems model theory
Manipulating environment, in order to get back to full capacity
what is a characteristic closed loop theory
Any closed loop system has feedback (perceptions, sensations)
what is a characteristic open loop theory
do not use feedback at all
schema theory
Learning from mistakes
what are fitts & posner’s stages of motor learning
cognitive, associative, autonomous
what is cognitive learning
first learning a movement
what is associative learning
after learning basic movement pattern, learning how to make it your own
what is autonomous learning
knowing it very well it apply it in different ways
what is the bernsteins stages of motor learning
initial, advanced, expert
what is initial learning
not moving limbs, only specific movements (dribbling)
what is advanced learning
releasing the limbs (dribbling around the cones)
what is expert learning
exploiting the environment (dribbing with players)
what is gentiles stages of motor learning
initial and later stages
what is the initial stage of gentiles model
acquiring movement
what is the later stage of gentiles model
using that movement in different environment
what is the role of CNS in motor development
works in combination with other body systems
what is the general progression
infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, later adulthood
what are areas of development
psychological, cognitive, physical
what are 4 stages of motor development
all systems are reflexive, reflex expression decline, increased cortical control, smooth coordinated movements
how does development usually occur
proximal to distal, gross to fine
what limits development
environment, individual and task constrains
what are 3 fundamental skills
nonlocomotor, locomotor, and manipulative
what is nonlocomotor
stable body composition
what is locomotor
transporting body (walking or running)
what is a manipulative skill
having something else involved (catching or throwing)
how to improve a neuron firing
temporal summation, spatial summation, and ratio excitatory
what is the role of the spinal cord
transmits signal to right location and executes signal
what is a exteroreceptor
monitors outside environment and body relative to environment
what are some mechanical properties of skeletal muscle
extensibility, elasticity, and contractility
what is extensibility of skeletal muscle
the ability to stretch
what is elasticity of skeletal muscle
the ability to come back to normal position after stretching
what is contractility of skeletal muscle
ability to contract
what is length tension relationship
can produce different level fo force based on the length of the sarcomere
what does it means when sarcomere is overstretched or under stretched
it has less force
what is the optimal length of sacromere
right above resting for maximal force production
where does increased force production come from
the elasticity of the muscle
what is the eccentric force velocity relationship
higher speed and more force, fast
what is the concentric force velocity relationship
less force and the faster you go, speed
what is the isometric force velocity relationship
zero speed and zero force, or a lot depending on location
what are concurrent movements
using favorable length-tension relationships like walking or squatting
what is a countercurrent movement
arrangement of multi-joint muscles leading to length tension disadvantage
what is a motor unit
1 motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
what is an innervation ratio
the number of neurons per muscle fiber
what does it mean to have a higher innervation ratio
means a quicker contraction
what does it mean to have a lower innervation ratio
stronger contraction, usually for a bigger muscle
what are the two principles of motor unit behavior
all or none principle, and size principle of recruitment
what is the all or non principle
the entire muscle contracts if its activated
what is the size principle of recruitment
usually recruited from smaller to bigger units
how do smaller motor units recruit
fewer muscle fibers for more precise movements
how do larger motor units recruit
faster twitch that are not activated until 60%
what is the rate coding of motor units
the regulation of firing rate to modify force output
what is energy conservation
transferring force from the body to the tendon and back to the body, in running or hopping
what is power amplification
generating more force or power production muscle to tendon to body in jumping or acceleration
what is the power attenuation
absorbing more energy to be used again in deceleration or landing
what is sensory integration
seeing how we interpret or understand the world
what are the 2 goals of sensory systems
using sensory info to enhance motor commands, and combining sensory info with motor commands to improve motion
what is postural control
general alignment of the body
what is muscle tone
muscle resisting stretching or lengthening
what does it mean to have high muscle tone
a lof of “stiffness”
what does it mean to have low muscle tone
not a lot of “stiffness”, muscle is more compliant
what does it mean to have sensitivity to proprioceptors
ability to detect stimulus
what does acuity mean
groups of receptors working together to detect stimulus
what is the receptive field
an area where they can sense a stimulus
what is kinesthesia
your bodies awareness of where it is in space using proprioceptive information
what are the 3 main proprioceptors
muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint kinesthesia receptors
what do muscle spindles do
detect stretch & speed of stretch of a muscle, and presence of tension (contraction)
what is reciprocal inhibition
other side muscle contraction {muscle spindles}
what is the golgi tendon organ
big force detectors, also actual length of tendon, causes inhibition of muscle - eccentric movements (overloading in force & length causes muscle to stop)
what is autogenic inhibition
ability of muscle to relax, same side muscle {golgi tendon}
what are joint kinesthesia receptors
actual joint and the capsule surrounding, senses position of joint
what encompasses the vestibular system
ear cochlear fluid allows for balance
what are 3 other reflexes
extensor thrust, withdraw reflex, and crossed extensor reflex
what is an extensor thrust reflex
something is coming toward you, you push away
what is a withdrawl reflex
pain is associated, touching a hot plate and pulling away
what is a crossed extensor reflex
stepping and feeling something, pulls leg up while extending other leg so there is no pressure on it (only on arms or legs)
what is optical flow
motion is happening with surrounding objects
what is motor development influenced by
biological & environmental factors (giving the opportunity to learn/experience)
what is the goal of motor development
improving or creating life skills
what is the goal and role of the CNS
transition from helplessness to physical independence
what are some areas of development
psychological, physical maturation, and cognitive
what is psychological development
emotional control, regulation
what is physical maturation development
how your bones, muscles grow
what are the 4 stages of motor development
movement governed by reflexes, reflex expression declines during maturation, increased cortical control, smooth and coordinated movements
what areas does development usually occur
cephalo-caudal, proximo-distal, gross to fine, and mass to specific
what is maturation
growth of muscle/bone/nerves, your mindset improves; motor development
what is experience
things, ways we interact with the world; motor learning
what is tactile perception
feeling & touching
what is bilateral coordination
coordinate both sides of body simultaneously
what is dexterity
skillful/specific hand movements
what are some psychological factors of development
attention level, stimulus-response compatibility, arousal level [engagement], motivation
what is stimulus-response compatibility
the better a stimulus matches the response = the short the reaction time
what is the arousal curve
balance between boredom and being fatigued with stress
what is validity
measures of a test and what you want to know
what is reliability
if it can be reproduced, can you get the same measurement consistently overtime
what is qualitative movement diagnosis (QMD)
movement analysis, diagnosis, skill analysis, error detection, and observation
what is involved in knowledge of performers
prior injuries, experience in sports, medical history, activity level, motivational level
what is involved in observation
watching their full game compared to half and scoring system
what is involved in evaluation & diagnosis
identify strengths & weaknesses, and prioritize possible ways to improve
what is involved in intervention
administration of feedback corrections, or other change in environment to improve performance & prevent or treat an injury
what is involved in providing feedback
verbal cues, videos, tactile cues, demonstration
what is the mechanical method of identification of faults
skilled performers do not rely on phases, they just do
what is the sequential method of identification of faults
breakdown of movement into phases
what is open loop model of movement
doesn’t rely on feedback mostly
what is closed loop model of movement
does rely on feedback to move to the next part
what is the top down approach
brain decides something & sends it to the muscles
what is Schmidt’s schema theory
optimal learning is when the task if practiced over many different conditions
what is schema
a framework to work within
what is generalized motor programs (GMP’s)
general representation of various motor actions or a class of actions
what are invariant characteristics
features that do not change
what is bilateral transfer
learning 1 skill is transferred from 1 limb to the other
what are 2 factors of an open looped models
invariant characteristics and parameters
what are the types of closed-loop feedbacks
sensory, GTO, joint movement, pain, muscular contraction, chemoreceptors, pressure sensors
