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EXS 305: motor control > cumulative final > Flashcards

cumulative final Flashcards

1
Q

what is a motor skill

A

motor action with an outcome in mind/ goal-directed movement

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2
Q

what is motor behavior

A

humans’ ability to produce skilled movements in response to sensory information

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3
Q

what is motor development

A

change in motor behavior throughout one’s lifetime (evolution, baby learning life)

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4
Q

what is motor control

A

acquisition of controlling a movement (brain)

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5
Q

what is motor learning

A

practice and experience to produce a permanent change {skilled movement, sports practicing}

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6
Q

what is psychophysics

A

sensation is a motor control process; perception is a motor learning process

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7
Q

what is perception action-coupling

A

perception of movement-related factors is matched with motor skill actions to accomplish a movement goal

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8
Q

what is the quality of skill

A

level of skill (pretty simple or general)

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9
Q

what is the nature of abilities

A

where the “skill” comes from

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10
Q

what is ability

A

having all the tools or instruments in order to do it correctly (without it, performance will suffer)

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11
Q

what is skill

A

baking skills (different w/ everyone), performance quality

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12
Q

what is knowledge

A

knowing how to bake a cake (theory), same with everyone

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13
Q

what is coordination

A

body patterning segments relative to one another

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14
Q

what is talent

A

combination of skill & ability

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15
Q

what is an example of ability

A

Running speed, dependent on physical

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16
Q

what is an example of skill

A

Stealing a base, long-distance jump knowledge of sport combined with running mechanics

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17
Q

what are the 3 classifications of skills

A

discrete, serial, continuous

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18
Q

what is a discrete skill

A

clear beginning & end middle steps don’t really matter, baseball pitch

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19
Q

what is a serial skill

A

ordered steps, multiple discrete skills; basketball

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20
Q

what is a continuous skill

A

repetitive, walking

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21
Q

what are the 2 types of motor skills

A

gross and fine

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22
Q

what are two types of skills based on environment

A

open and closed skills

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23
Q

what is an open skill

A

a changing or response to environment

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24
Q

what is an example of an open skill

A

randy johnson hitting a pigeon with a baseball, relatively unpredictable

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25
Q

what is a closed skill

A

relatively stable and predictable environment

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26
Q

what is an example of a closed skill

A

running on a track

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27
Q

how do you determine internally paced movements

A

person is determining, running

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28
Q

how do you determine externally paced movements

A

others’ decisions determine their decisions, fb player running right because defender is on the left

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29
Q

what is a regulatory condition

A

environmental factors that directly or indirectly influence how the motor skills are performed

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30
Q

what are the 3 fleishmans categories of abilities

A

Physical, psychomotor, and psychological

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31
Q

what are the 5 Gentile’s taxonomy of motor skills

A

stable body, quasi-mobile, mobile body, object manipulation, environmental context

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32
Q

what is quasi mobile

A

moving body but not transporting to another place (walking in place)

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33
Q

what is environmental context

A

open or closed skill

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34
Q

what are hierarchial theories

A

top down manner, highest going down

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35
Q

what are psychomotor abilities

A

driving

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36
Q

what happens when a weightlifter losing a weight

A

changes from closed to open environment

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37
Q

what is the reflex theory

A

reflexes are a respond to movement

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38
Q

what is the dynamic systems theory

A

All behavior is a combination of environment, task, and behavior

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39
Q

what is motor program theory

A

Ordered steps to complete a specific movement

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40
Q

what is the ecological theory

A

Describes that our perceptions of the environment cue the behavior, in order to get desired outcome

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41
Q

what is the systems model theory

A

Manipulating environment, in order to get back to full capacity

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42
Q

what is a characteristic closed loop theory

A

Any closed loop system has feedback (perceptions, sensations)

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43
Q

what is a characteristic open loop theory

A

do not use feedback at all

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44
Q

schema theory

A

Learning from mistakes

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45
Q

what are fitts & posner’s stages of motor learning

A

cognitive, associative, autonomous

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46
Q

what is cognitive learning

A

first learning a movement

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47
Q

what is associative learning

A

after learning basic movement pattern, learning how to make it your own

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48
Q

what is autonomous learning

A

knowing it very well it apply it in different ways

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49
Q

what is the bernsteins stages of motor learning

A

initial, advanced, expert

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50
Q

what is initial learning

A

not moving limbs, only specific movements (dribbling)

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51
Q

what is advanced learning

A

releasing the limbs (dribbling around the cones)

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52
Q

what is expert learning

A

exploiting the environment (dribbing with players)

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53
Q

what is gentiles stages of motor learning

A

initial and later stages

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54
Q

what is the initial stage of gentiles model

A

acquiring movement

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55
Q

what is the later stage of gentiles model

A

using that movement in different environment

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56
Q

what is the role of CNS in motor development

A

works in combination with other body systems

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57
Q

what is the general progression

A

infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, later adulthood

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58
Q

what are areas of development

A

psychological, cognitive, physical

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59
Q

what are 4 stages of motor development

A

all systems are reflexive, reflex expression decline, increased cortical control, smooth coordinated movements

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60
Q

how does development usually occur

A

proximal to distal, gross to fine

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61
Q

what limits development

A

environment, individual and task constrains

62
Q

what are 3 fundamental skills

A

nonlocomotor, locomotor, and manipulative

63
Q

what is nonlocomotor

A

stable body composition

64
Q

what is locomotor

A

transporting body (walking or running)

65
Q

what is a manipulative skill

A

having something else involved (catching or throwing)

66
Q

how to improve a neuron firing

A

temporal summation, spatial summation, and ratio excitatory

67
Q

what is the role of the spinal cord

A

transmits signal to right location and executes signal

68
Q

what is a exteroreceptor

A

monitors outside environment and body relative to environment

69
Q

what are some mechanical properties of skeletal muscle

A

extensibility, elasticity, and contractility

70
Q

what is extensibility of skeletal muscle

A

the ability to stretch

71
Q

what is elasticity of skeletal muscle

A

the ability to come back to normal position after stretching

72
Q

what is contractility of skeletal muscle

A

ability to contract

73
Q

what is length tension relationship

A

can produce different level fo force based on the length of the sarcomere

74
Q

what does it means when sarcomere is overstretched or under stretched

A

it has less force

75
Q

what is the optimal length of sacromere

A

right above resting for maximal force production

76
Q

where does increased force production come from

A

the elasticity of the muscle

77
Q

what is the eccentric force velocity relationship

A

higher speed and more force, fast

78
Q

what is the concentric force velocity relationship

A

less force and the faster you go, speed

79
Q

what is the isometric force velocity relationship

A

zero speed and zero force, or a lot depending on location

80
Q

what are concurrent movements

A

using favorable length-tension relationships like walking or squatting

81
Q

what is a countercurrent movement

A

arrangement of multi-joint muscles leading to length tension disadvantage

82
Q

what is a motor unit

A

1 motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

83
Q

what is an innervation ratio

A

the number of neurons per muscle fiber

84
Q

what does it mean to have a higher innervation ratio

A

means a quicker contraction

85
Q

what does it mean to have a lower innervation ratio

A

stronger contraction, usually for a bigger muscle

86
Q

what are the two principles of motor unit behavior

A

all or none principle, and size principle of recruitment

87
Q

what is the all or non principle

A

the entire muscle contracts if its activated

88
Q

what is the size principle of recruitment

A

usually recruited from smaller to bigger units

89
Q

how do smaller motor units recruit

A

fewer muscle fibers for more precise movements

90
Q

how do larger motor units recruit

A

faster twitch that are not activated until 60%

91
Q

what is the rate coding of motor units

A

the regulation of firing rate to modify force output

92
Q

what is energy conservation

A

transferring force from the body to the tendon and back to the body, in running or hopping

93
Q

what is power amplification

A

generating more force or power production muscle to tendon to body in jumping or acceleration

94
Q

what is the power attenuation

A

absorbing more energy to be used again in deceleration or landing

95
Q

what is sensory integration

A

seeing how we interpret or understand the world

96
Q

what are the 2 goals of sensory systems

A

using sensory info to enhance motor commands, and combining sensory info with motor commands to improve motion

97
Q

what is postural control

A

general alignment of the body

98
Q

what is muscle tone

A

muscle resisting stretching or lengthening

99
Q

what does it mean to have high muscle tone

A

a lof of “stiffness”

100
Q

what does it mean to have low muscle tone

A

not a lot of “stiffness”, muscle is more compliant

101
Q

what does it mean to have sensitivity to proprioceptors

A

ability to detect stimulus

102
Q

what does acuity mean

A

groups of receptors working together to detect stimulus

103
Q

what is the receptive field

A

an area where they can sense a stimulus

104
Q

what is kinesthesia

A

your bodies awareness of where it is in space using proprioceptive information

105
Q

what are the 3 main proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint kinesthesia receptors

106
Q

what do muscle spindles do

A

detect stretch & speed of stretch of a muscle, and presence of tension (contraction)

107
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition

A

other side muscle contraction {muscle spindles}

108
Q

what is the golgi tendon organ

A

big force detectors, also actual length of tendon, causes inhibition of muscle - eccentric movements (overloading in force & length causes muscle to stop)

109
Q

what is autogenic inhibition

A

ability of muscle to relax, same side muscle {golgi tendon}

110
Q

what are joint kinesthesia receptors

A

actual joint and the capsule surrounding, senses position of joint

111
Q

what encompasses the vestibular system

A

ear cochlear fluid allows for balance

112
Q

what are 3 other reflexes

A

extensor thrust, withdraw reflex, and crossed extensor reflex

113
Q

what is an extensor thrust reflex

A

something is coming toward you, you push away

114
Q

what is a withdrawl reflex

A

pain is associated, touching a hot plate and pulling away

115
Q

what is a crossed extensor reflex

A

stepping and feeling something, pulls leg up while extending other leg so there is no pressure on it (only on arms or legs)

116
Q

what is optical flow

A

motion is happening with surrounding objects

117
Q

what is motor development influenced by

A

biological & environmental factors (giving the opportunity to learn/experience)

118
Q

what is the goal of motor development

A

improving or creating life skills

119
Q

what is the goal and role of the CNS

A

transition from helplessness to physical independence

120
Q

what are some areas of development

A

psychological, physical maturation, and cognitive

121
Q

what is psychological development

A

emotional control, regulation

122
Q

what is physical maturation development

A

how your bones, muscles grow

123
Q

what are the 4 stages of motor development

A

movement governed by reflexes, reflex expression declines during maturation, increased cortical control, smooth and coordinated movements

124
Q

what areas does development usually occur

A

cephalo-caudal, proximo-distal, gross to fine, and mass to specific

125
Q

what is maturation

A

growth of muscle/bone/nerves, your mindset improves; motor development

126
Q

what is experience

A

things, ways we interact with the world; motor learning

127
Q

what is tactile perception

A

feeling & touching

128
Q

what is bilateral coordination

A

coordinate both sides of body simultaneously

129
Q

what is dexterity

A

skillful/specific hand movements

130
Q

what are some psychological factors of development

A

attention level, stimulus-response compatibility, arousal level [engagement], motivation

131
Q

what is stimulus-response compatibility

A

the better a stimulus matches the response = the short the reaction time

132
Q

what is the arousal curve

A

balance between boredom and being fatigued with stress

133
Q

what is validity

A

measures of a test and what you want to know

134
Q

what is reliability

A

if it can be reproduced, can you get the same measurement consistently overtime

135
Q

what is qualitative movement diagnosis (QMD)

A

movement analysis, diagnosis, skill analysis, error detection, and observation

136
Q

what is involved in knowledge of performers

A

prior injuries, experience in sports, medical history, activity level, motivational level

137
Q

what is involved in observation

A

watching their full game compared to half and scoring system

138
Q

what is involved in evaluation & diagnosis

A

identify strengths & weaknesses, and prioritize possible ways to improve

139
Q

what is involved in intervention

A

administration of feedback corrections, or other change in environment to improve performance & prevent or treat an injury

140
Q

what is involved in providing feedback

A

verbal cues, videos, tactile cues, demonstration

141
Q

what is the mechanical method of identification of faults

A

skilled performers do not rely on phases, they just do

142
Q

what is the sequential method of identification of faults

A

breakdown of movement into phases

143
Q

what is open loop model of movement

A

doesn’t rely on feedback mostly

144
Q

what is closed loop model of movement

A

does rely on feedback to move to the next part

145
Q

what is the top down approach

A

brain decides something & sends it to the muscles

146
Q

what is Schmidt’s schema theory

A

optimal learning is when the task if practiced over many different conditions

147
Q

what is schema

A

a framework to work within

148
Q

what is generalized motor programs (GMP’s)

A

general representation of various motor actions or a class of actions

149
Q

what are invariant characteristics

A

features that do not change

150
Q

what is bilateral transfer

A

learning 1 skill is transferred from 1 limb to the other

151
Q

what are 2 factors of an open looped models

A

invariant characteristics and parameters

152
Q

what are the types of closed-loop feedbacks

A

sensory, GTO, joint movement, pain, muscular contraction, chemoreceptors, pressure sensors

EXS 305: motor control (3 decks)

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