culture variations

Question 1

van ijzdendoorn study

Answer 1

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 different countries using Ainsworth’s Strange Situation.

Question 2

findings

Answer 2

Over 1,990 infants were included, and secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all cultures examined.

Question 3

japan and israel

Answer 3

Japan and Israel showed higher levels of insecure-resistant attachment, while Germany showed higher levels of insecure-avoidant attachment.

Question 4

tronick et al

Answer 4

Tronick et al. (1992) studied the Efe tribe from Zaire, who live in extended family groups, and found that infants still showed a preference for a primary attachment figure at six months old

Question 5

a critiscm of the study

Answer 5

A criticism of van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research is that they may have been comparing countries rather than cultures, and the sample was biased towards individualistic cultures.

Question 6

variance between countries

Answer 6

The researchers noted that variance within countries was greater than between countries, suggesting they may have collected data on subcultures within the countries investigated.

Question 7

culture bias

Answer 7

Van Ijzendoorn’s research also highlights the culture bias demonstrated in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, with significant differences in attachment types in different cultures.

Question 8

validity

Answer 8

Attachment behaviors mean different things for different cultures, so the results may not be valid when used with samples from non-Western cultures.