culture variation

Question 1

Meta-analysis

Answer 1

A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.

Question 2

Secure attachment

Answer 2

A type of attachment characterized by trust and a strong bond between child and caregiver.

Question 3

Insecure avoidant

Answer 3

A type of attachment where children show little distress when separated from their caregiver.

Question 4

Insecure resistant

Answer 4

A type of attachment where children are overly clingy and show distress when separated.

Question 5

Individualistic cultures

Answer 5

Cultures that emphasize personal independence and self-reliance.

Question 6

Collectivist cultures

Answer 6

Cultures that emphasize group goals and interdependence.

Question 7

Strange Situation

Answer 7

A standardized procedure for assessing attachment in children.

Question 8

Bowlby’s theory

Answer 8

The theory that attachment is an innate behavior essential for survival.

Question 9

Sample size

Answer 9

The number of participants included in a study.

Question 10

Child-rearing styles

Answer 10

The methods and practices used by parents to raise their children.

Question 11

Etic

Answer 11

Concepts or ideas that are considered universal across cultures.

Question 12

Emic

Answer 12

Concepts or ideas that are specific to a particular culture.

Question 13

Kagan’s Critique

Answer 13

Kagan et al. suggested that the strange situation measures anxiety rather than attachment.

Question 14

Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study: aim

Answer 14

Conducted a meta analysis to look at amount of secure/secure avoidant/secure resistant attachments across countries

Question 15

Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study: procedure

Answer 15

• Researchers studied 32 studies of attachment which used the strange situation
• These were conducted in 8 countries
• Data was meta analysed

Question 16

Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study: findings

Answer 16

• In all countries secure attachments were the most common
• Britain’s highest was secure attachments at 75% compared to china at 50%

Question 17

Italian study

Answer 17

• Simonelli et al
• Assed 76 babies all 1 years old
• They found 50% were secure 36% insecure avoidant
• Lots of mothers of young babies work long hours and use childcare

Question 18

simonelli et al

Answer 18

• italian study
• Assed 76 babies all 1 years old
• They found 50% were secure 36% insecure avoidant
• Lots of mothers of young babies work long hours and use childcare

Question 19

Korean study

Answer 19

• jin et al
• used the strange situation to assess 87 babies
• most children had secure attachments
• Most of the insecure children were insecure resistant rather than avoidant
• similar attachment types in Japan this is because they have similar child-rearing styles

Question 20

Conclusions

Answer 20

• In all cultures most children have secure attachment
• This supports bowlby’s theory that attachment is innate
• Culture practices have an influence on attachment type

Question 21

Strengths

Answer 21

Large sample size - by combining the results from many different countries increased the sample size. This increases internal validity as they reduce the impact of anomalous results