CULTURE SOCIOLISATION AND IDENTITY Flashcards
what is culture
a way of life
made of norms, values, language, food, traditions and religion
what is socalisation
a process by wich you learn normas and values through media, family or friends
learnia boong not to be deviant
what is a value
a belife in what you think is correct and important (in your head)
can be cultraly specific
what is a norm
a behavior veiwed as normal or desirable in a particular group or society (actions)
can be cultrally specific
what is identity
who you are, how you see yourself and how others se you
what is social imagination
a book written by C Wright-mills
the idea that distancing yourslef from what is going on to see it from a new persective with fresh eyes tto see what is really going on
are you as free as you think you are and have as much agency as you think you do
the hamar people
a comunity in ethopia
they have a culture rich in ceremonies and rituals
what must the men in the hamar tribe do to reach adulthood
they must perform a ceremony where they leap onto the backs of cattle and run across them
what do female relatives do during these ceremonies
female relatives offer themsleves to be whipped before the ceremony to show their devotion to the male initiate - the scars give them the right to demand the help of the initate in a time of need
how cultures are formed through travel
people travel and this infulences how culture change/ form because people experince other culture
how cultures are formed through globalistation
the world is believed to be becoming a smaller place - other countries rely on eachother more
how cultures are formed through globalistion
we learn british culture at school -re history however the national ciriculum is ethnocentric - biased towards british culture
how cultures are formed through the media
the media often shapes and upholds normas and values of a society - the focus on crime and sport - socail media plays a part inspreading culture
how cultues are formed through family
we learn normas values and culture from our families. including ethnic culture/background, relgions or nationality. our families act as agents of sociolistaion - punish us if we break rules
how cultures are formed through migration
has impacts on culture such as the uk national dish is curry (indian) and the uk has a well establishedafro-carribean, indian and pakistani communities
history of culture definition
both social (how our society has developed) and personal (being part of a family/group)
social roles definition
how people play a part in society
cultural variation defenition
cultural differences between societies based on time and space
cultural change defenition
cultures are constantly developing through exposure to new and different experiences
cultural transmissions defenition
how culture is passed from one genration to the next
cultural community defenition
the idea that we have things in common with other
anthrapology definition
the study of remote and tribal cultures
ethnography defenition
a research method ( a type of anthrapology)
Margret mean 1930s
data collection methods
research methods - multiple choice or ethnography
validity defintion
relates to findings/data
the extent to wich your findings reprisent relality
reliability defenition
relates to the method
the extent to wich the method can be repeated by different researchers (replicability)
reliability and validity similarity
they are both on a spectrum
enhanced - reduced
ethnography relibilty and vailidity
it is low in reliability because variables are different (reduced) but is high in validity (enhanced)
multiple choice reliability
it is high in reliability (enhanced)
ethnocentrism defenition
people who are ethnocentric apply thier own values in judging the behavior and beliefs of other poeple and other cultures. it contributes to socail solidiarty and a sense of value and community but can also fuel conflict
how do children learn
children learn through observing behaviors of people in their surroudnings including the recognition of symbols specific to that culture
symbol defenition
reprisents something else, in a culture it has a meaing to you (words, pictures and actions)
how is culture all-encompassing and integrated
culture envelopes us and touches every aspect of out lives it is systematic and integrated (not a random phenominon) it teaches us to share certain core values that help us shape the personalities of indivuals within a culture
how are cultures dynamic
rules are made to be broken. there is an individual interpritation of each aspect of culture (subculture). humans are creative creatures and do not always follow the dictates of culture strictly
how is culture adaptive
modern technology has provided for the adaption of humans all over the globe, just like how acient technologies helped enviroments on small scales
how can culture can be both maladaptive and adaptive
short term vs long term change(adaption)
what are the levels of culture
national
international
subculture
national level of culture
learned behavioral patterns, beliefes, values and inststutions shared by citzens of the nation
international level of culture
cultural traditions that expand beyond the cultural boundaries
subculture level of culture
different tradidtions practiced by groups set withi a large culture, frequently religion based
what does the human rights movement suggest about about practices of some cultures
it suggests that there is a relm of justice and morality that superceedes the practices of many cultures
e.g the afar tribe
what is cultural exchange
sharing ideas, traditions and knowledge with someone from a different backgroundhan your own
what is cultural appropriation
the act of taking or using things from a culture that is not your own especially without showing that you understand
cultural hybridity defenition
when tow cultures combine and a new different form od culture emerges
hybrid identity defenition
an individual with the sense that who they are is a mixture of tow or more indentites
what is brasian culture
a subculture wich mixes asain and british
individuals with one asian and one british parent
what did johnal (1998) say about brasian culture
young british asians adopt a ‘hyper-ethnic style’ an exaggerated version of their parents culture. this may be through watching hindi or indian films or listening to asian music. they move form one culture to another depending on the context
what are white wanna bes (nayak 2003)
young white working class people who adopt the style and language of ‘black’ culture. tend to listen to rap or hip hop music and wear lots of ‘bling’
what is socail control
ways through wich our behaviours are controlled and reinforced by sanctions. to either positivly reinforce behaviour or negativley reinforce it to discourage it
what are formal mechanisms or social control
official means of dealing with deviance
the police, courts and criminal justice systems, the goverment and miltary
formal social control santions
-warnings from police
-dissmissal from work
-sentences from the court
-exclusion from school
informal mechanisms of social control
unoffcial means of deviance control
peer group, education, religion, family, workplace and media. they are less onvious but just as powerful
informal social control sanctions
-socialy excluding a person from a peer group
-dissapointed reactions from parents
-being passed over for a promotion at work
-celebs being critised in magazines
who is the penoptigan prison design made by
jerme bentham
what was the penotigan prison design
it is where a single gaurd is placed in a spot so they can watch all the prisoners at once
what was the purpose of the penoptigan prison design
it makes thethe prisoners internalise the idea that their being watched and make them modify their own behaviour as their dont want to be punished
who was Edward Snowdon
he was a whistle blower(called out) against the american security system and had to leave america so he wouldnt be arrested
why did edward snowdon expose the security services
he workerd for the american security services and became uncomfortable with the amount of survailence being used as he knew it wasnt just for protection
who was Juilan Asange
owned wiki leaks and did a similar thing as sonwdon and exposed the goverment and had to flee the country
what were Erving Goffmans theories
were all actors and wear a series of masks as we decide what we show others. we act many roles in our lives, depending on who were with and what light we want to shown in .we have no true self (fixed character)
what was Goffmans book called
the presentation of self in everday life (1956)
what is charles cooley theory and the year
1902
the looking glass self
what is the looking glass self
part of your i dentity is how you think others veiw you. were not influenced by opion of other but by what we think others opinions are.
what are the 3 steps of the looking glass self
- how do i appear to others
- what must others think of me
- revise how we think about oversleves (internalise)
how is the looking glaass theory a form of social control
we will seek positive rewards and avoid thinking bad things about us (informal socail control)
what are the agents of socailisation
-family
-peers
-work
-media
-education
-religion
what is primary socialisation and an example
it is when appropriate behaviour is established and this behaviour can be modified in the future
what is secondary socialisation and examples
when behaviour that was made in primary is either reinforced or challenged. media, work, religion and education
what is secondary socialisation and examples
when behaviour that was made in primary is either reinforced or challenged. media, work, religion and education
what are the key institutions of society?
criminal justice system
church of england
welfare state(NHS)
education economy
political system
media
what are both agents of socialisation and key institutions of society
education, family, media
what is the consensus theory
emphasises that human society’s work best when their members agree on how society should be organised agreeing on norms and values. all key institutions in society work together to ensure that members of society get what they need leading to order and stability.
what is the organic analogy
that the body is made up of different parts that function together to meet its needs and the society is the same. to maintain the social system as a whole.
what is the organic analogy
that the body is made up of different parts that function together to meet its needs and the society is the same. to maintain the social system as a whole.
who do children learn from their parents
through copying. they learn what’s acceptable and unacceptable through trial and error. they see thru parents as role models and model their behaviour on they parents
what was the aim of Zimbarados Stanford prison experiment
to find out if the brutality reported from American guards was due to the environment and situation or their personality
what was the conclusion of zimbarados experiment
revealed how quickly people conform to the social roles they expected to play. when the guards were given authority they began to act in ways they usually wouldn’t. the findings supported the situational explanation rather than the dispositional one
how was zimbarardos experiment conducted
it was in 1971 where 24 young me. where randomly assigned to be ‘prisoners’ or ‘guards’ in a prison simulated environment
how long did zimbarados experiment last and why
the experiment had to be terminated after 6 days due to extreme pathological behaviour from both groups.
how did the groups act during zimbarados experiment
the guards became brutal and inflicted humiliation on prisoners and the prisoners became blindly obedient and allowed themselves to be dehumanised.
what is the attachment theory
early caregiving relationships establish social-emotional development foundations, but change remains possible through the lifespan due to interpersonal relationships during childhood, adolescence and adulthood
attachment definition
a deep and enduring emotional bond between tow people in wich each seeks close was a d feels more secure in the presence of the attachment figure.
what did Bowly (1988) say
contended that the drive for proximity arises from an interconnected set of behavioural systems that collectively shape behaviour. these include attachment, caregiving and exploratory behavioural systems.
what did karl marx argue
the within most societies there are class divisions between those who benefit from the economic system and those who don’t benefit
what did karl marx say about the economic system modern societies use now
that eventually the system will have a downfall and a new system where everyone is equal will be created.
what is the false consensus
the structure of society according to marxism.
what is meritocracy
a functionalist consensus. that describes a society where everyone can aspire to great things, there is no class system and free education(american dream)
what did the 1870 elementary education act introduce
compulsory universal education for children ages 5-13 (uk) but left enforcement of attendance to school boards.
why was the 1870 education act introduced
during the industrial revolution germany was hot on england’s heals also industrialising and a fast pace (competition). so england said they needed a literate and numerate work force
what did karl marx say about the 1870 elementary education act
he said it was for capitalism not to benefit the children. he also didn’t like how the children were taught religious as he believed it was a way to control society
what is the protestant work ethic
it you work hard you will be rewarded in the best life even if you aren’t in this life (good for your soul). work is good even if you get paid well or not.
what did karl marx say about the protestant work ethic
he said it was made up so people could be exploited and serve capitalism as it made people compliant because they thought they would be rebelling against God.
what did bowles and gintis say
the role of education was an ideological sate apparatus controlling the way students think in order to legitimise inequality. the primary function of education was to reproduce the workforce through a hidden curriculum.
what is the hidden curriculum
a curriculum that helps indoctrinate student into the world of work
what is the correspondence principle
how school morriors the world of work
how does school mirror world of work
-punctuality
-division of students
-hierarchies and power
- rewards and sanctions
- privileges for conformity and status
3 ways education legitimise inequality
-opportunity and meritocracy are myths
-education confirms working class pupils will end up in working class jobs
- system gives and advantage to those of middle class backgrounds
contemporary examples of education legitimising inequality
-uniform policies
-role of academies
-conservatives ‘teachers are given power’
-apprenticeships and vocational education.
what did althusser say
the ruling class looks to control masses through different apparatuses
what are the 2 apparatuses
repressive state apparatus
ideological state apparatus
what is ideological state apparatus
physical contol, coercion such as police, military and courts
what is ideological state apparatus
control over thoughts beliefs and ideas though education religion and media
how is school part of ideological state apparatus
it teaches students the necessary skills for employment, reproduces and legitimises inequality by promoting meritocracy
how do schools achieve this?
by using the fragmented curriculum (disney explain the bigger picture of society) teaches key skills for the economy. the curriculum is based on ruling class and the myth of meritocracy is promoted
what are contemporary applications of school as part of the ideological apparatus
national curriculum is spilt into distinct subjects, students study for passing grades in english and maths until 18, changes to the curriculum under coalition government and the growth mindset
