CULTURE BIAS

Question 1

5 things to remember for culture bias

Answer 1

emic constructs
etic constructs
ethnocentrism
culture
cultural relativism

Question 2

cultural bias is the tendency to…

Answer 2

ignore cultural differences, interpret phenomenon through the lens of someone’s own culture

Question 3

what findings in psychology are seen as ‘universal’?

Answer 3

western findings

Question 4

what is culture?

Answer 4

all ways of life including arts, beliefs, institutions of the population passed down from generations

Question 5

culture is usually described as…

Answer 5

‘a way of life for entire society’, e.g, dress, language, religion

Question 6

which two approaches are there?

Answer 6

emic and etic approaches

Question 7

an emic approach is…

Answer 7

functions within/inside culture, specific in that culture

Question 8

an etic approach is…

Answer 8

behaviour outside of the given culture, identifies behaviour that are universal

Question 9

ethnocentrism is when you judge…

Answer 9

other cultures by values of standards of your own culture

Question 10

an extreme of ethnocentrism is…

Answer 10

believing the superiority of your own culture

Question 11

what is an example of ethnocentrism?

Answer 11

ainsworth’s strange situation

Question 12

how is ainsworth’s strange situation an example of ethnocentrism?

Answer 12

distress is interpreted as insecure attachment, german mothers value independence seen as being cold and rejecting

Question 13

culture relativism is…

Answer 13

when psychologists are able to discover the ‘facts’ may only make sense from the perspective of the culture within which they discovered

Question 14

four evaluation points for culture bias…

Answer 14

• cultural bias is present in classical studies
• cultural bias can lead to stereotyping of individuals
  + studying universal behaviours whilst avoiding cultural bias is possible

Question 15

who were asch’s and milgram’s original studies conducted with?

Answer 15

white middle-class US participants, replications of these studies in different countries produced rather different results

Question 16

asch-type experiments in ______ cultures found significantly _____ rates of conformity rather than the original studies in the US an _____ culture

Answer 16

in collectivist cultures were higher conformity rates rather than studies in the US, a collectivist culture

Question 17

what does the cultural bias from asch and milgram suggest?

Answer 17

our understanding of such topics is limited such as social influence, and should only be applied to individualist cultures. it is important to recognise imposed etic & judging behaviours

Question 18

why may individualism-collectivism no longer apply?

Answer 18

due to increasing global media, e.g, Takano and Osaka (1999) found that 14/15 studies comparing US and Japan found no evidence of individualist versus collectivist differences. this suggests that cultural bias research may be less of an issue in more recent psychological research

Question 19

cultural bias can lead to ______ stereotyping of individuals

Answer 19

negative stereotyping

Question 20

how can cultural bias lead to negative stereotyping?

Answer 20

before WW1, the us army assessed recruits using IQ tests, which was culturally biased to dominant white majority. unsurprisingly the test showed that african americans were at the bottom of the IQ scale and this had a negative effect on the attitudes of americans towards this group of people.

Question 21

what does the evidence of cultural bias negative stereotyping show us?

Answer 21

the negative impact that culturally bias research can have - leading to specific cultural groups being at a disadvantage, resulting in discrimination and limiting opportunities

Question 22

which researcher shows us that studying universal behaviours can still allow you to avoid cultural bias?

Answer 22

buss et al

Question 23

how does buss et al show us that studying universal behaviours you can also avoid cultural bias?

Answer 23

he conducted a study on mate preferences and discovered massive cultural similarities. they collected data from 37 countries but used local researchers to ensure accurate translation and resolve discrepancies.

Question 24

what does the research by buss et al indicate?

Answer 24

whilst it takes additional time and resources, universal behaviours can be researched and discovered if appropriate research methods are used to avoid culture bias

Question 25

what is universality?

Answer 25

when conclusions that have been drawn from research can be applied to everyone, anywhere regardless of time and culture

Question 26

who found the term W.E.I.R.D?

Answer 26

henrich et al, for people who are most likely to be studied

Question 27

what does W.E.I.R.D stand for?

Answer 27

Westernised, Educated people from, Industrialised Rich Democracies