culture and society week 2

Question 1

society

Answer 1

group of people who live together in a specific territory and share a culture

Question 2

Culture operates at multiple levels

Answer 2

micro, meso, and macro.

Question 3

Material culture

Answer 3

refers to the physical objects produced by people in a particular culture, including tools, clothing, toys, works of art, and housing

Question 4

Cultural objects (or cultural artifacts)

Answer 4

the physical items that are created by and associated with people who share a culture.

Question 5

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 5

refers to the ideas of a culture, including values and beliefs, accumulated knowledge about how to understand and navigate the world and standards or norms about appropriate behavior.

Question 6

Material culture is physically real. It can be

Answer 6

observed or touched.

Question 7

Nonmaterial culture exists in the world of

Answer 7

thoughts and ideas

Question 8

A value is a

Answer 8

deeply held principle or standard that people use to make judgments about the world, especially in deciding what is desirable or worthwhile.

Question 9

some cultures (that of the United States, for instance) value

Answer 9

individual freedom and autonomy over collective responsibility and community; others place more value on family or a broader collective good.

Question 10

Values can translate into

Answer 10

public policy

Question 11

Values can change over time and cannot fully account for

Answer 11

people’s behavior.

Question 12

10 values that are widespread across cultures:

Answer 12

power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security.

Question 13

Conflict can emerge when there are differences over which

Answer 13

values are most important

Question 14

Culture war refers to

Answer 14

an intense disagreement about core values and moral positions

Question 15

values are usually a set of

Answer 15

broad principles, beliefs are the specific convictions or opinions that a culture’s people generally accept as true

Question 16

Cultural beliefs encourage

Answer 16

people to understand fundamental issues in a particular way.

Question 17

examples of questions that address our belief systems are:

Answer 17

How is marriage defined? Are all people created equal?

Question 18

Knowledge refers to the range of

Answer 18

information, awareness, and understanding that helps us navigate our world

Question 19

examples of cultural knowledge include

Answer 19

knowing a specific language that connects one to a culture or understanding the rituals performed in a particular religious ceremony.

Question 20

Culture shock is the experience of

Answer 20

being disoriented because of a lack of knowledge about an unfamiliar social situation

Question 21

Cultural knowledge is essential

Answer 21

for survival.

Question 22

Norms are defined as a

Answer 22

culture’s rules and expectations for “appropriate” behavior

Question 23

norms can tell people

Answer 23

what they should or should not do

Question 24

contemporary examples of norms

Answer 24

rules for smoking in public places or netiquette when engaging in a digital environment.

Question 25

cultural norms

Answer 25

although they change over time, that change is often slow moving and may create cultural conflict.

Question 26

cultural lag

Answer 26

refers to the way that new social and technological developments often outpace the norms that govern our collective experiences.

Question 27

examples of cultural lag

Answer 27

can be seen in policy toward LGBTQA+ communities or conflicts over privacy in social media.

Question 28

Mores are norms that are

Answer 28

strictly enforced.

Question 29

contemporary mores in the United States forbid

Answer 29

physical or psychological abuse of one’s children

Question 30

Taboos are norms whose violation carries

Answer 30

severe stigma,

Question 31

Folkways are common

Answer 31

group habits or customs that are not subject to punishment when violated,

Question 32

taboos are things that carry the most severe

Answer 32

prohibition or restriction

Question 33

Symbols are anything that represents something else, such as

Answer 33

sound, gesture, image, and so on.

Question 34

Language is a system of symbols that facilitates

Answer 34

complex communication

Question 35

dialect is a variant of a

Answer 35

language with its own distinctive accent, vocabulary, and in some cases grammatical characteristics

Question 36

Because of their different cultural content and structure, languages affect

Answer 36

how their speakers think and behave.

Question 37

essence of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.

Answer 37

Because of their different cultural content and structure, languages affect how their speakers think and behave

Question 38

Behaviors are the actions

Answer 38

associated with a group that help to reproduce a distinct way of life.

Question 39

Ideal culture refers to

Answer 39

what the members of a culture report to be their values, beliefs, and norms

Question 40

Real culture refers to

Answer 40

what the members of a culture actually do, which may or may not reflect the ideal.

Question 41

Ideology

Answer 41

system of meaning that helps define and explain the world and that makes value judgments about that world

Question 42

With each culture there is

Answer 42

dominant ideology

Question 43

dominant ideology

Answer 43

widely held and regularly reinforced set of assumptions that generally support the current social system and serve the interests of authorities.

Question 44

Dominant culture

Answer 44

permeates society and represents the ideas and practices of those in positions of power.

Question 45

counterculture.

Answer 45

A subculture that organizes itself in opposition to the dominant culture

Question 46

Countercultures champion values and lifestyles distinctly

Answer 46

distinctly opposed to those of the dominant culture.

Question 47

Subcultures and countercultures often introduce

Answer 47

innovation and change.

Question 48

High culture refers to

Answer 48

cultural forms widely recognized as valuable, but also associated with elites; the forms of popular culture are widespread and commonly embraced and do not require a great deal of money or specialized knowledge

Question 49

Folk culture refers to

Answer 49

traditional practices that reflect lifestyles in specific, often rural areas. Increasingly, there has been what is commonly referred to as the commercialization of culture.

Question 50

Multiculturalism refers to

Answer 50

the recognition, valuing, and protection of the distinct cultures that make up a society

Question 51

ethnocentrism.

Answer 51

practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own.

Question 52

An ethnocentric worldview can be a source of xenophobia, which is an unreasonable

Answer 52

fear or hatred of foreigners or people from a different culture.

Question 53

Cultural relativism

Answer 53

the practice of understanding a culture by its own standards.

Question 54

A social structure, such as culture, shapes and is shaped by

Answer 54

people’s behavior, actions, and attitudes.

Question 55

foundations of a social structure include

Answer 55

statuses, roles, groups, and social institutions.

Question 56

status

Answer 56

a socially defined position within a larger group or society.

Question 57

master status

Answer 57

a social position (either ascribed or achieved) that dominates other statuses and is the most important status a person occupies, such as the status of mother or father.

Question 58

Roles are the set of

Answer 58

expected behaviors associated with particular statuses.

Question 59

Ethnomethodology

Answer 59

an approach that examines the methods people use to make sense of their daily activities, emphasizing the ways in which we collectively create social structure in our everyday activities.

Question 60

Ethnomethodologists believe social structure is

Answer 60

created as we construct and reconstruct social order in daily routines.

Question 61

Conversation analysis

Answer 61

a method of analyzing the patterns in face-to-face conversation that produce the smooth, back-and-forth turn-taking of such exchanges.

Question 62

Conversation analysis helps to reveal

Answer 62

the hidden conventions of interaction.