Culture and social behaviour

Question 1

What is the own race bias effect in facial recognition?

Answer 1

We recognise and differentiate faces from own race better

Question 2

Why does the own race bias occur in facial recognition?

Answer 2

We have better experience with our own race = particular attention & encoding

Question 3

What are some universal characteristics of physical attractiveness?

Answer 3

Facial features
Leg-to-body ratio
Hip-to-waist ratio (evolutionary = fertility)

Question 4

How is attractiveness thought to relate to personality?

Answer 4

Attractive people seen as more competent, adjusted, sexually interesting and less modest
Physical and personality traits interact

Question 5

What was the difference between Japanese and American perceptions of a smiling mouth vs smiling eyes?

Answer 5

Americans: Smiling mouth = trustworthy & more intelligent
Japanese: Smiling eyes = trustworthy & more intelligent

Question 6

What increased the occurrence of pro-white bias in audiences?

Answer 6

Exposure to negative behaviour towards black characters

Question 7

What are some male imperatives for sexual selection (Darwin)?

Answer 7

Identifying reproductively valuable women
Gaining sexual access to women
Paternal uncertainty

Question 8

What are some female imperatives for sexual selection (Darwin)?

Answer 8

Identifying mates who are able to invest resources

Identifying mates who are willing to invest

Question 9

What is love according to Sternberg’s triangle of love theory?

Answer 9

Consummate Love = Intimacy + Passion + Commitment

Romantic Love = Intimacy + Passion
Companionate = Intimacy + Commitment
Fatuous (pointless)= Passion + Commitment

Liking = Intimacy
Empty Love = Commitment
Infatuation = Passion

Question 10

Why does romantic love (intimacy + passion) occur?

Answer 10

Evolution = fosters (temporary) monogamy for neurological processes and from neurological processes (euphoric)

Question 11

Which cultures value romantic love more?

Answer 11

Where there are fewer family ties
Where there is less influence on family network
(individualistic)

Question 12

When love was valued as an essential ingredient to marriage it was found generally with people who were from?

Answer 12

An individualistic culture

Higher GDP

Question 13

When looking at culture in terms of violent offenders what was the research mainly looking at?

Answer 13

How the offender sees the person that they

have hurt when committing the offence

Question 14

Cultural psychology has 4 basic understandings which are?

Answer 14

Action is influenced by context 
Understanding is influenced by history 
Analysis should be grounded in the everyday
The mind = co-constructed by people
Individuals choose but are influenced 
Not simplistic (not just cause/effect)
Integrates other sciences

Question 15

What were some of the reasons that the researcher found for offenders committing violent crimes?

Answer 15

Hedonism (maximising pleasure) 
Meeting your needs
Neutralising Personal Pain
Upholding a Principle
Standing up for the Group
Fulfilling Obligations
Saving Face

Question 16

What did from individualist cultures prioritise?

Answer 16

Individual Honour: Their own needs and desires e.g. coping

Question 17

What did from collectivist cultures prioritise?

Answer 17

Cultural Pride: Publicly defending the group, and to discharge important group-oriented obligations

Question 18

Who is more likely to offend and what do they gain by offending?

Answer 18

People with fragile identities 
Social Capital (where they usually wouldn't have it any other way e.g. money)

Question 19

Theories that seek to explain crime focus mainly on? (3)

Answer 19

individual pathology
social variables that facilitate crime
interactional theories of both the individual and social vulnerabilities