CULTURE Flashcards
is likely the result of an interplay
between internal (individual) and external
(environmental and social) factors
In other words, —– starts with
the individual but is also
influenced and shaped by the
world around them.
Culture
has been derived
from two terms, logos, which means
science or study, and socius, which means ‘group or partners’. Hence,
deals with the study of groups.
sociology
is a behavioral
science that deals with the
study of society.
Sociology
is taken from
two Greek words logos, which means
study, and Anthropos, which means
‘man’. defines itself as a
discipline of infinite curiosity about
human beings.
is a behavioral science that deals with the study of culture
anthropology
is the set of practices, beliefs, and objects
that embody the most broadly shared
meanings of a social system.
Popular Culture
is a group of people living together in a definite
territory, having a sense of belongingness,
mutuality interdependence of each other, and
following a certain way of life.
Society
Society is derived from the Latin word “”, from ——
——- which means companion or associate.
societas
socius
refers to all people, collectively
regarded as constituting a community of
related, interdependent individuals
living in a definite place. Following a
certain mode certain mode of life
society
, is a group of one or more
parents and their children living
together as a unit.
Family
is a group of people united by
actual or perceived kinship (blood-
relation) and descent.
clan
is a social division in a traditional society
consisting of families or communities linked by
social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a
common culture and dialect, typically having a
recognized leader.
Tribe
is a district, especially one
forming a community within a town or city.
neighborhood
Reasons why people live together…
SURVIVAL
GREGARIOUSNESS
SPECIALIZATION
ACCORDING TO
“Culture” refers to that
complex whole which includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts,
morals, law, customs, and any
other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a
member of society.
Edward Tylor
According to
“Culture” refers to the set of
attitudes, values, beliefs, and
behaviors shared by a group
of people, but different for
each individual, communicated
from one generation to the next.
“Allows people within the group
to meet basic needs of
survival, pursue happiness,
well-being, and meaning
from life.
David Matsumoto,
To , culture
“is a collective programming
of the mind, distinguishing the
members of one group or
category of people from
another”.
“Is a Way of Life”.
Geert Hofstede
To
Surface – External
Deep - Internal
Edward T. Hall
❑ Explicitly learned
❑ Easily observable
with sight
❑ Easily changeable
❑ Conscious
Surface Culture or
External Culture is
❑ Implicitly learned
❑ Invisible
❑ Difficult to change
❑ Unconscious
Deep Culture or Internal Culture
To _____ culture
is Material and Non-
Material
William Ogburn
❑ physical objects, resources, and spaces that
people use to define their culture.
All of these physical aspects of a culture help to
define its members’ behaviors and perceptions.
Material Culture
❑ Refers to the non-physical ideas that people
have about their culture, including beliefs,
values, rules, norms, morals, language,
organizations, and institutions.
❑ includes ideas, beliefs,
social roles, rules, ethics, and attitudes of a
society.
Non-material Culture
refers to the shared values,
beliefs, customs, practices, and
behaviors that are learned and
transmitted within a group of
people, shaping their identity, social
norms, and way of life.
Culture
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
learned behavior
shared
symbolic
integrated
dynamic
adaptive
normative
Culture is not inherited biologically but learned through
social interaction and communication.
Learned Behavior
Culture is shared among members of a group or society,
creating a sense of belonging and identity.
Shared
Culture relies on symbols, such as language, gestures, and
objects, to convey meaning and communicate.
Symbolic
Different elements of culture are interconnected, forming
a coherent whole. Changes in one aspect can affect others.
Integrated:
Culture is not static; it evolves as societies adapt to new
circumstances and influences.
Dynamic:
Culture helps societies adapt to their environment and
survive by providing guidelines for behavior and
problem-solving.
Adaptive:
Culture establishes norms and values that guide behavior
and set expectations for individuals within the society.
Normative:
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
language
customs and traditions
values and beliefs
norms and practices
symbol and artifacts
food and cuisine
music and dance
social organization
technology and material culture
history and mythology
Is a fundamental element of culture, as it
enables communication an expression
Language
Are established practices that are passed
down through generations.
Customs and Traditions
Shape a culture’s moral principles, ethics,
and worldview.
Values and Beliefs
Are unwritten rules that govern behavior
and social interactions.
Norms and Practices
Represent a culture’s identity, history,
and values.
Symbols and Artifacts
Play a significant role in shaping cultural
identity and traditions.
Food and Cuisine
Are essential elements of cultural
expression and celebration.
Music and Dance
Refers to the way people interact, form
relationships, & structure their societies.
Social Organization
Encompass the tools, artifacts, and
infrastructures that shape daily life.
Technology and Material Culture
Provide a cultural narrative, shaping
identity and informing values.
History and Mythology
refers to the process
by which different aspects of culture
(ideas, values, customs, and technology)
spread from one culture to another.
Cultural diffusion
The direct transfer of cultural traits from
one culture to another through face-to-face
interaction.
Direct Diffusion:
The transfer of cultural traits through
intermediate cultures or agents, such as
traders or missionaries.
Indirect Diffusion:
The spread of cultural traits through the
transmission of ideas or innovations,
which are then adapted and modified by
the receiving culture.
Examples: Innovation, Architecture, and Art
Stimulus Diffusion:
The spread of cultural traits from a
dominant culture to subordinate cultures.
Examples: Colonialism, Globalization, and
Imperialism
Hierarchical Diffusion:
Occurs when a cultural trait spreads from
a central location to surrounding areas,
often though migration or trade
Example: The spread of Christianity from
Manila to the rest of the Philippines.
Expansion Diffusion:
Occurs when a cultural trait spreads
rapidly and widely, often through social
networks and personal contact.
Example: The spread of social media platform
like Facebook and Instagram.
Contagion Diffusion:
Occurs when people move from one place
to another, taking their cultural traits with
them.
Example: Waray culture in Metro Manila
Relocation Diffusion:
Occurs when cultural traits spread across
national borders, often through
globalization and international trade.
Example: The spread of Japanese anime and
manga to countries around the world.
Transnational Diffusion:
Occurs when cultural traits spread
through digital technologies, such as
internet and social media.
Example: The spread of memes and viral videos
on media platform.
Digital Diffusion:
derives from the Greek word
meaning “to disperse”
refers to the dispersion of people
from their homeland to various parts of
the world, often due to migration,
colonization, slavery, or war.
Diaspora
Relationship between diaspora
and culture:
cultural preservation
cultural adaptation
cultural exchange
identity and belonging
economic and social influence
challenges and opportunities
Diaspora communities often strive to preserve
their cultural heritage, including language,
traditions, and customs.
For example, the Filipino diaspora in the United States
celebrates festivals like Sinulog and Pasko, maintaining a
connection to their roots.
Cultural Preservation:
While preserving their heritage, diaspora
communities also adapt to their new
environments. This can lead to a
blending of cultures, such as Filipino-
Americans incorporating local customs into
their traditional celebrations.
Cultural Adaptation:
Diaspora communities contribute to cultural
exchange by introducing their traditions,
cuisine, and art to the host society. For
instance, Indian cuisine has become popular
worldwide due to the Indian diaspora.
Cultural Exchange:
The experience of living in a diaspora can
shape individuals’ identities, creating a
sense of belonging to their homeland and
their new country. This dual identity can
enrich personal and communal experiences.
Identity and Belonging:
Diaspora communities often play significant
roles in the economies and societies of their
host countries. They can influence cultural
trends, business practices, and social norms.
Economic and Social Influence:
Diaspora communities may face challenges
such as discrimination and cultural
assimilation pressures. However, they also
have opportunities to build bridges
between different cultures and foster
mutual understanding.
Challenges and Opportunities:
Categories of diaspora
forced diaspora
voluntary diaspora
labor diaspora
trade diaspora
Imperial diaspora
cultural diaspora
political diaspora
Diaspora Communities
in the World
Egyptian - 4 million
Filipino - 5
Ukrainian - 6
Pakistani - 6
Bangladeshi -7
Syrian - 8
Russian -10
Chinese - 10
Mexican - 12
Indian - 18
Most common professions for
the Filipino diaspora
1) Healthcare Workers
2) Domestic Workers
3) Construction and Skilled Labor
4) Seafarers
5) Information Technology (IT) Professionals
6) Hospitality and Service Industry
7) Education
is an expression of the
ways of living developed by a community
and passed on from generation to
generation, including customs, practices,
places, objects, artistic expressions, and
values. (ICOMOS, 2002)
Cultural heritage
