cultural variations in attachment

Question 1

individualist culture

Answer 1

culture emphasises the needs of the individual over the needs of the group

people in this culture are viewed as more independent, autonomous

Question 2

example of individualist cultures

Answer 2

UK, USA

Question 3

collectivist cultures

Answer 3

cultures which stress the imporance of the group and social cooperation

people in this culuture tend to turn to family nad freinds for support through hard times

Question 4

examples of collectivst cultures

Answer 4

china, japan

Question 5

key study:IJzendroom and kroonberg

Answer 5

conducted meta analysis
looked at proportions of secure, insecure resistant, inscure avoidant across servera counteries to assess cultural variation

Question 6

procedure of Ijzendroom and kroonbergs study

Answer 6

located 32 studies of attachment where the SS had been used to investagt proptortions of babies with dfferent attachment types

32 studies were conducted in 8 countries, 15 were in the USA

yeileded results for 1990 children

data was meta-analysed meaning combined and analysed together

Question 7

conclusion of Izrenbroom and krnoobergs study

Answer 7

showed secure attahcment seems to be norm in wige range of cultures

supporting bowlbys idea that attachment is innate and universal and this type is the universal norm

however, also shows cultures practices can influence an attachment type

Question 8

strength-large samples

Answer 8

large samples

ijzendoorn and kroonberg used 2000 babies and their primary attachment figures

stregnth as large sample size increases internal validity by reducing impact of results caused by unusual paricipants

Question 9

weakness-alternative explanation for cultural similarity

Answer 9

alternative explanation for cultural simialrity

bowlby claimed attachments form from innate mechanism

Ijzendoorn and kroonberg suggest that at least some cultural simialries may be explained from affect of mass media e.g tv and books. spreads ideas of parenting and children exposed to similar influcnes

they go against Bowlby’s idea of it being innate instead because of increasingly global culture

Question 10

italian study

Answer 10

simon ella et al conducted a study in Italy to see whether the proportions of babies of differnt attachment types still matches those found in previous studies
researchers assessed 76 12 month old babies
results -50% were secure and 36% were insecure-avoidant
this is lower rate of secure attachment and higher rate of insecure avoidant compared to other studies
could be because mothers with younger children increasing working longer hours and using professional childcare

Question 11

korean study

Answer 11

jin et al conducted a study to compare the promotions of attachment types in Korea to other studies

Question 12

weakness-unrepresentative sample

Answer 12

Can Iijzendroon and Kroonbergs meta analysis made comparisons between countries, not cultures

Question 13

weakness-method of attachment is biased

Answer 13

comparing cultures using the same Ss attachment behaviour interpretations may be ethnocentric
for example, the Ss designed by Ainsworth based on British theory