Cultural Variations In Attachment

Question 1

Define cross cultural variations

Answer 1

the norms and values that occur within different groups of people

Question 2

Who did a meta analysis on the strange situation?
What were they interested in

Answer 2

Van ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
Interested in how cross cultural variation might impact different attachment types

Question 3

Van ijzendoor and kroonernberg’s Meta analysis:
Studies
Countries
Looked at
Excluded

Answer 3

32 different studies
8 countries
Searched studies that used strange situation is measuring attachment types of mother infant attachment
Excluded sample size <35

Question 4

Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg found:
Most common AT: (GB) (China)
Most IA (3)
Low IA (2)
Individualist cultures IR
Collectivist IR
Variations intercultural
- USA evidence

Answer 4

secure was lost common type of attachment (75%) (50%)
Germany, Netherlands, Italy
Japan, Israel
IR similar to strange situation (<14%)
IR above 25%
150% greater than those between countries
46% securely attached one sample USA
90% securely attached another sample USA

Question 5

Cross cultural evidence:
1 collectivist (Japan)
2. Individualistic (Italy)
2 intercultural

Answer 5

1. TAKASHI:
   High IR in Japan
   But mothers rarely separate therefore high sep and stranger anxiety but norm
   Compared against western norm
   So stranger situation attachment types cannot be applied to all
2. Simonolia
   Less secure, more insecure avoidance and similar insecure residents to strange situation
   More insecure avoidant due to increase in working mothers and professional childcare.
3. intercultural
   USA: 46% secure one sample
   USA 90% secure in another

Question 6

Intercultural variation vs intercultural

Answer 6

Greater variation 150% greater than those between countries

Question 7

Evaluation of cross cultural differences
S
L
L
L

Answer 7

Large sample
Samples tend to be unrepresentative of culture
Biased method of assessment
Temperament may be a CC

Question 8

Evaluation of cross cultural differences
Strength: large samples

Answer 8

Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg meta analysis 32 studies, 8 countries , 2000 babies and primary caters
Increase internal validity by reducing anomalous results
- bad methodology or unusual participants

Question 9

Evaluation of cross cultural differences
Limitation temperament CF

Answer 9

Same point .
KAGAN

Question 10

Evaluation of cross cultural differences
Biased method of assessment

Answer 10

The strange situation is designed by American (Mary) researcher on British theory (Bowlby)
Applied to other cultures - imposed Eric
E.g lack of separation anxiety and lack of pleasure when mother returns indicates IA in strange situation however sign of independence in Germany - Grossman and Grossman)

Question 11

Evaluation of cross cultural differences
Samples unrepresentative of culture

Answer 11

Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
Claimed to study “culture differences” but actually just “country differences”
Within a country many cultures
E.g USA - 46% SA
USA another sample 90%)
Shows there is many variation within. A country so van inzendoorn shouldn’t have assumed one country has one culture - his study has low meaning
Sample needs to be specified.