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psychology: attachment > Cultural Variations in attachment > Flashcards

Cultural Variations in attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

why is there a cultural difference in attachment

A
  • sub - cultural differences
  • other cultures differences in rearing their children
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2
Q

what are the potential sub cultural differences

A
  • class = urban (media) vs rural
  • geography
  • religion
  • ethnicity
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3
Q

Van Ijendoorn + Kroonenberg (1988)

A
  • meta - analysis
  • 32 studies (SSC)
  • 8 countries
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4
Q

what kind of study is I / K 1988

A

meta - analysis of 32 studies

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5
Q

how many countries were considered in the I / K meta analysis

A

8 countries

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6
Q

what were the avg attachment types

A

secure most common
avoidant second
resistant third

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7
Q

Issues with Kroonenberg’s study

A

1.5x greater intra cultural variance
Takahashi (1990)
Grossman and Grossman (1991)

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8
Q

Takahashi (1990) procedure / findings

A

60 1 year olds
68% secure 32% resistant

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9
Q

Takahashi (1990) issues

A

procedure had to be halted - immense distress - if not 80% secure
babies spend 2 years 100% with mothers
taught avoidance is rude
SS not suitable in Japan

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10
Q

Grossman and Grossman (1991)

A

Germany
interpersonal distance
no proximity seeking
appear avoidant

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11
Q

Grossman and Grossman (1991) German mothers

A

German mothers observed
responsive - sensitive
valued independence and self reliance

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12
Q

Sagi (1991) 4 countries SSC procedure

A

4 countries
7 SSC studies

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13
Q

Sagi (1991) findings

A

only US infants similar to Ainsworth’s study 71% secure
Israeli Kibbutz = 62%
Takahashi
Grossman

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14
Q

Israeli Kibbutz difference

A

children separate from primary attachment yet they have no contact with strangers

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15
Q

Critique and Eval of meta - analysis (good)

A

Van Ijendoorn and Kroonenberg used a mix of collectivist and Individualist cultures in the analysis

SSC is replicable (all controlled variables)

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16
Q

Critique and Eval of meta-analysis - (bad)

A

classed observable differences as minor mistakes

some samples were small - not generalisable - heavily weighted US - bias

17
Q

Ethnocentrism in cross cultural variance

A

claiming 1 attachment type is best is ethnocentrism

18
Q

imposed etic in cross cultural variance

A

SSC is based on Western cultural norms and practices
meaningless assessment for other cultures

19
Q

issues with the etic

A

meaningless assessments for divergent cultures as its not tailored to the norms of other cultures

20
Q

what is the main cultural conflict

A

collectivist and individualist

21
Q

how could SSC improve

A

instead of imposed Western etic - tailored individual indigenous analytical tools should be implemented for accuracy

22
Q

what does SSC assume

A

Universalism in attachment

23
Q

is the analysis fluid

A

no it is rigid, following what the Western analysis suggests - widest variance = intra

24
Q

external validity

A

subverted - confounding variables may render conclusions meaningless or inaccurate

25
Q

what are the issues with EV

A

conclusions are meant to be applicable yet they raise more Qs

26
Q

methodological issues with SSC MA

A

original interrater reliability = 0.94
changes or variance in operationalisation = confounding variables that reduce this reliability - lacks consistency

27
Q

Ethical issues with the MA

A

children not used to conditions - stressed

28
Q

Summary of EVAL of MA

A

findings suggest universality
limited samples
not rep of sub cultures
ethnocentrism
imposed etic
ethics

29
Q

studies that suggest attachment suffers from cultural bias

A

Rothbaum (2000)
Kroonenberg and Sagi (2001)

30
Q

Rothbaum (2000)

A

Euro centricity imposed etic
independence not promoted in all cultures
rooted in US culture
C hyp = secure is seen as more social competence / emotional competence = in Japan emotional inhibition

31
Q

Kroonenberg and Sagi (2001)

A

rural areas = more resistant than urban who are influenced by media
not all experiences are homogenous - class geography and race - SS based on homogenous assumptions

32
Q

Study that suggests attachment is universal

A

Posada and Jacobs (2001)

33
Q

Posada and Jacobs (2001)

A

sensitivity promotes security in our environment - secure most common as its the most adaptive

34
Q

study suggesting its a mix of universal and individual

A

maternal sensitivity may vary yet core concepts of attachment are universal such as the secure base etc.

psychology: attachment (11 decks)

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