Cultural Variations Flashcards
Who conducted research into cultural variations?
- Van Ijzendoorn.
- Takahashi.
What year did Van Ijzendoorn conduct his research?
1988.
What did Van Ijzendoorn aim to study?
Inter-cultural differences (between) and intra-cultural differences (within) in attachment types by using the strange situation methodology.
How did Van Ijzendoorn test his aim?
Studied a meta-analysis of findings from 32 studies of attachment behaviour in 8 different countries.
In Van Ijzendoorn’s study which country had the highest percentage of secure attachment?
Great Britain.
What was the highest percentage of secure attachment in Van Ijzendoorn’s study?
75%.
In Van Ijzendoorn’s study, which country had the lowest insecure-avoidant percentage?
Israel and Japan.
Which country’s findings were the most similar to Ainsworth’s in Van Ijzendoorn’s study?
USA.
How many studies were used to analyse America’s attachment types in Van Ijzendoorn’s study?
18.
Which countries had a higher percentage of insecure-resistant in Van Ijzendoorn’s study?
Israel, Japan, and China.
Why may have Israel, Japan, and China scored a higher insecure-resistant percentage in Van Ijzendoorn’s study?
They are more orthodox in culture and practices.
How many studies were used to analyse China’s attachment types in Van Ijzendoorn’s study?
1.
Which attachment type was most common in each country in Van Ijzendoorn’s study?
Secure attachment.
How much greater were intra-cultural differences than inter-cultural differences in Van Ijzendoorn’s study?
1.5 times greater.
What did Van Ijzendoor conclude?
That the global pattern across cultures is similar to that found in the USA and the differences within cultures are greater than differences between.
What year did Takahashi conduct his research?
1990.
What was the sample in Takahashi’s study?
60 middle-class Japanese infants.
What methodology did Takahashi use?
The strange situation methodology.
What did Takahashi find similar rates of?
Secure attachment (66%).
What did Takahashi find no evidence of?
Insecure-avoidant attachment.
What was the percentage of insecure-resistant attachment in Takahashi’s study?
34%.
What did Takahashi conclude?
That the cultural differences were due to different childcare practices in Japan, where infants spend a lot less time away from their mothers.
What are the 5 evaluation points of cultural variations?
+ Strange Situation is easy to replicate cross-culturally.
- Raises ethical issues.
- Ethnocentric.
- Lacks ecological validity.
- Meta-analysis can be seen as biased.
