cultural variations Flashcards
What did van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) study?
Proportions of secure
What research method did they use?
Meta-analysis of 32 studies using the Strange Situation in 8 countries.
How many children were included in the meta-analysis?
1
What was the most common attachment classification across all countries?
Secure attachment.
How did the proportion of secure attachment vary?
From 75% in Britain to 50% in China.
How did attachment classifications differ in collectivist cultures?
Higher rates of insecure-resistant attachment compared to Ainsworth’s original sample.
What did the Italian study by Simonelli et al. (2014) find?
Lower rate of secure attachment and higher rate of insecure-avoidant attachment compared to previous studies.
What might explain the findings of the Italian study?
Increasing numbers of working mothers using professional childcare.
What did the Korean study by Mi Kyoung Jin et al. (2012) find?
Similar proportions of secure and insecure attachments to other countries.
What is a key conclusion about attachment?
Secure attachment is the norm in a wide range of cultures.
What influence does culture have on attachment?
Cultural practices influence attachment type.
What is a strength of research conducted by indigenous psychologists?
Avoids misunderstandings and bias due to shared cultural background with participants.
Give an example of indigenous psychologists in attachment research.
van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg including research by a German team and a Japanese researcher.
Why might data from some countries be affected?”
Bias and difficulty in cross-cultural communication.
What is a limitation of cross-cultural research?”
Confounding variables.
Give examples of confounding variables.”
Poverty
What is ‘imposed etic’?”
Imposing a test designed for one cultural context onto another.
Explain ‘imposed etic’ in the context of the Strange Situation.”
Using babies’ response to reunion with the caregiver
How might a lack of affection on reunion be interpreted differently in Germany?”
Independence rather than insecurity.
What does the research suggest about the Strange Situation across cultures?”
The behaviors measured may not have the same meanings.
What is the impact of indigenous researchers?”
Enhancing the validity of the collected data.
What is the main idea of cross-cultural psychology?”
Includes ideas of emic (cultural uniqueness) and etic (cross-cultural universality).
