Cultural Variations Flashcards
Define cultural variation
The differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups
Define an individualist culture
Emphasis on personal independence and achievement at the expense of group goals. Strong sense of competition.
Define a collectivist culture
Emphasis on family and work goals above individual needs and desires. There is a high degree of interdependence between people.
State the 3 main studies carried out on cultural variations
- Van Ijzsndoorn and Kroonenburg (1988)= meta-analysis
- Jin et al. (2012)= Korea
- Simonelli et al. (2014)= Italy
Describe the procedure and findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg’s study
- meta-analysis of strange situations and combined findings of 32 other strange situation studies from a variety of different countries
- found that secure attachment was most common
- found that insecure-avoidant’ she highest percentage was in Germany
- found that insecure-resistant was the least common overall but highest in Japan
Was the variation greater between or within cultures in Van Ilzendoorn and Kroonenburg’s study
Within cultures- 1.5 times greater
Explain why insecure-avoidant was the highest in Germany
German caregivers bring up children to be independent
Explain why insecure-resistant was highest in Japan
Japan is a collectivist culture so Japanese infants are very rarely left by their mothers
How does Van Ilzendoorn and Kroonenburg’s study show support for Bowlby’s monotropic theory
Cultural similarity of secure being the most common- suggests attachment is innate
Which other study showed evidence for high level of insecure-resistant in Asian countries
Jin et al. (2012)
- compared attachment types in Korea to other studies using the strange situation to assess 87 children
- proportions of insecure and secure babies= similar to most countries
- higher levels of insecure-resistant
What other study showed evidence of high levels of insecure-avoidant in Germany
Grossman and Grossman (1991)
