cultural origins of behaviour and cognition

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

• dynamic system of rules established by groups to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms and behaviour
• dynamic = constantly shifting in response to environmental and social changes

Question 2

surface culture

Answer 2

• food, dress, music, celebrations
• easily observed by outsiders

Question 3

deep culture

Answer 3

• non verbal communication, concept of self and time
• beliefs, values and thought processes that are less accessible to outsiders

Question 4

cultural dimensions

Answer 4

• hofstede
• large survey on the attitudes and national values of 117,000 employees of IBM from 40 countries

Question 5

6 cultural dimensions
power distance

Answer 5

• extent people in societies accept hierarchical order, everybody has a place needs no further justification

Question 6

6 cultural dimensions
individualism vs collectivism

Answer 6

• extent people prefer social framework, take care of themselves and immediate families, expect relatives/ members of in group to look after them in exchange for loyalty
• individualist = i cultures
• collectivist = we cultures

Question 7

6 cultural dimensions
masculinity vs femininity

Answer 7

• extent a society is competitive (masculine) or cooperative (feminine)

Question 8

6 cultural dimensions
uncertainty avoidance

Answer 8

• extent members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty
• how a society deals with an unknown future
• high = control behaviour, intolerant of unconventional ideas

Question 9

6 cultural dimensions (new)
long term vs short term orientation

Answer 9

• extent a culture values long term over the short term
• long term value future rewards, persistence, perseverance, adapt to changing circumstances
• short term value past and present, national pride, religion, social obligations

Question 10

6 cultural dimensions (new)
indulgence vs restraint

Answer 10

• attitude towards enjoying life and having fun
• restraint, strict social norms

Question 11

critiques of cultural dimensions

Answer 11

• mamu differences between national cultures
• best way to understand a culture isn’t through values, tight/loose structure

Question 12

all cultural dimensions

Answer 12

• power distance
• individualism vs collectivism
• masculinity vs femininity
• uncertainty avoidance
• long term vs short term orientation
• indulgence vs restraint