Cultural Intelligence Flashcards
CQ Motivation/Drive Definition
Motivational CQ refers to an individual’s capability to
direct attention and energy toward learning about and functioning in situations characterized by cultural
differences (Ang & Van Dyne, 2008)
Energy & confidence to cross cultures
CQ Cognition/Knowledge Definition
Recognise similarities and differences in
cultural systems and values can affect intercultural interactions
- knowledge of norms, practices and conventions in
different cultures that has been acquired from educational and
personal experiences
The knowledge component of CQ includes
culture-general (etic) knowledge (which provides information about rules and norms in
different cultures such as economic systems, political systems, etc.); and
culture-specific (emic) knowledge (which provides information about a complex and
specific environment such as in Japan, decisions are made by consensus).
CQ Metacognition/Strategy Definition
Heighten awareness of self and others’
thoughts and emotions to plan for intercultural engagement
Metacognitive CQ refers to “an individual’s level of conscious cultural awareness during crosscultural interactions”
CQ Behaviour/Action Definition
Exercise appropriate speech acts, verbal and nonverbal behaviours in intercultural interaction
Behavioural CQ reflects the “capability to exhibit appropriate verbal and non-verbal actions when interacting with people from different cultures”
Cultural Intelligence Definition
The capability of
an individual, group, or organization to
function effectively in an environment
characterized by cultural diversity.
The capability of
an individual, group, or organization to
detect “rules” &
make shared “rules.”
Intelligence Definition
Intelligence is the ability
to meet the demands
of the environment effectively.
1. General mental ability (IQ)
2. Multiple Intelligences
3. Emotional intelligence (EQ)
4. Social intelligence
5. Practical intelligence
6. Cultural Intelligence
CQ - Beyond EQ and IQ
IQ: Cognitive Intelligence
* Knowledge & Work Competency
EQ: Emotional Intelligence - Complements IQ
* high quality interpersonal relationships
CQ: Cultural Intelligence - Complements IQ + EQ
* explains the variability in coping with diversity and functioning in new
cultural settings.
Intrinsic Interest Definition
Deriving enjoyment
from culturally diverse
experiences
Extrinsic Interest Definition
Gaining benefits from
culturally diverse experiences
Self-Efficacy Definition
Having the confidence
to be effective in crosscultural situations
Uncertainty Definition
Uncertainty is cognitive, refers to what one knows about another and one’s level of predictability about
another.
Anxiety Definition
Anxiety is the affective equivalent of uncertainty, refers to the level of discomfort associated with interacting with a stranger.
Bandura’s Self-efficacy Model
Enactive mastery - ‘practice makes perfect’
Vicarious modelling - ‘observe role model’
Verbal persuasion - ‘Pygmalion and Galatea effects’
Arousal / initiation - ‘psyched up / be curious’
Epistemic and empathetic curiosity definitions
Epistemic curiosity - Curiosity to acquire new knowledge
Empathic curiosity - Curiosity about the thoughts and feelings of other people
Unconscious incompetence to conscious competence definitions
Unconscious incompetence - You don’t know what
you don’t know
Conscious incompetence - You know what you
don’t know
Conscious competence - You know how to do
something, and it takes effort
Unconscious competence - You know how to do
something, and it is second nature
Individualism-collectivism definition
How people view their relationship with the group
Power distance definition
Extent to which a person expects and accepts unequal distribution of power in a group or society
Uncertainty avoidance definition
Extent to which a person is comfortable with uncertain and ambiguous situations
Communication context definition
Extent to which a person communicates what s/he means directly or indirectly
Competitiveness definition
Extent to which a person desires to do better than others
Being-doing definition
Extent to which a person values reflection versus action
Time orientation definition
What time span people consider when making decisions
People with short-term orientation plan for the present. They make decisions based on their short-term outcomes.
People with long-term orientation plan further into the future. They make decisions based on their long-term
implications.
Conventional vs sophisticated stereotypes definition
a. Conventional stereotypes are typically negative; based on irrational dislikes or likes; and have little
research basis
b. Sophisticated stereotypes (cultural values) are neutral labels based on empirical work of scholars and theoretical concepts.
Cultural paradoxes definition
a. Allocentrism vs Idiocentrism
b. Unresolved cultural issues
c. Bipolar patterns
d. Role differences
e. Real vs espoused values
f. Value trumping
Levels of analysis
Cultures can be studied at:
* Individual Level
* Group Level
* Organizational Level
* National Level
Why should we be aware of levels issue?
* Using nation-level data to predict/explain individual behavior
* Be careful of drawing wrong conclusions from research which are at national levels
(ecological fallacy)
* Cultural values isn’t a substitute for more direct knowledge of person-to-person encounters
* Cultural knowledge of values is a useful starting point for cultural thinking, but it is only a
starting point.
Confirmation bias definition
Seeing and finding evidence that confirms one’s
beliefs and ignoring evidence that does not support those beliefs.
Availability bias definition
Making a decision based on information that is
most readily available instead of on objective information.
False consensus bias definition
Overestimating the extent to which others
agree with you, the tendency to assume that your beliefs, habits, and opinions are “normal” and that others think the same way.
Fundamental attribution bias definition
Believing that one’s own errors or failures
are justifiable due to external circumstances, but others’ errors are due to their character or internal factors are cause for greater concern.
In-group bias definition
Perceiving people who are similar to you (in ethnicity,
religion, socioeconomic status, profession, etc.) more positively.
Out-group bias
Perceiving people who are different from you more
negatively.
Sunk costs definition
Having a hard time giving up on something (a strategy, an employee, a process) after investing time, money, or training, even though the investment can’t be recovered.
Framing effect definition
Making a different judgment based on whether the
decision is presented as a gain or as a loss, despite having the same objective information.
Prefrontal cortex
Thinking brain: responsible for
thinking, solving complex problems
and making decisions
Limbic system
Old brain: responsible for basic emotions
and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, etc.)
Under threat + high levels of uncertainty, the limbic system responds with very powerful reactions that are very hard for the prefrontal cortex to direct or override.
Amygdala
Responsible for survival and the fight or
flight or freeze response
Our ‘operating system’
System 1 - Automatic (Default), Fast, Effortless, Out of voluntary control, Heuristics & Short-Cut
System 2 - Controlled (Deliberate), Slow, Deliberate, Influenced by choice, Deep thinking & analysis
Inattentional blindness
How people can focus so hard on something that they become blind to the unexpected, and develop inattentional blindness
Heuristics and biases
- Heuristics can lead to cultural biases
- Biases when manifested unconsciously are acts
of discrimination - Choose to engage our thoughts and learn to
overcome our cultural biases
ACCEPT that we are biased
1. Know the biases
2. Know triggers to biases
3. Practise Mindfulness - notice your thoughts and look out for “phrases”
LABEL biases
1. Call out stereotyped views
2. Nurture curiosity - Gather more individualized
information about people
3. Increase interactions with different kinds of people
(Intergroup contact theory)
MITIGATE BIASES
1. We are mental misers
2. Our mind creates categories
3. Our brain creates images that are familiar
Intergroup contact theory
INTERGROUP CONTACT THEORY
for Bias Reduction
Intergroup contact hypothesis posits that a variety of conditions in
intergroup programs are necessary for bias reduction:
1. intergroup co-operation in activities
2. equal statues within group
3. supportive norms for the group
4. friendship potential
5. communication (intergroup dialogue)
Mindfulness definition
The state of being attentive to the present moment without judgment.
Ways to cultivate mindfulness
Mindful Breathing
Mindful Thoughts & Emotions
Mindful Movement: Mindful Walking
Mindful Sensory: Eating, Smelling, Touching, etc.
Mindful Compassion / Loving-Kindness, Gratitude
Mehrabian’s Rule
Communication is:
7% Speech Acts
38% Verbal Behaviour
55% Nonverbal Behaviour
Speech Acts
1. Direct vs Indirect
2. Succinct vs Elaborate
3. Personal vs Contextual
Verbal Behaviour
1. Vocalisation (Articulation & Pronunciation)
2. Vocal Range (Power, Pitch, Pace, Pause)
3. Tone (Emotional Circumplex of Affect)
Nonverbal Behaviour
1. Kinesics (Posture, Gesture, Facial Movement)
2. Proxemics (Space)
3. Chronemics (Clock vs Event Time, Monochronicity vs Polychronicity)
Response strategies to compliments
Response strategies
Self-credentialing: draw attention to one’s abilities, accomplishments
(1) Accept / Accept with amendments
Self-humbling: verbal restraints, hesitations, & use of self-deprecation concerning one’s performance
(1) Reject / Deflect
(2) Evade / Avoid self praise
Non-verbal communication (etics vs emics)
Etics: Culturally Universal
* Emics: Culturally Specific
Good posture through Alexander technique
- Unlearn maladaptive physical habits
- Return to a balanced state in which the body is well-aligned
through
a) Heighten self-awareness (Detect)
b) Use thought process to restore your original poise
(Regulate)
Kinesics - gestures
Speech Illustrators
Co-speech gestures
* extent of use
* gesture space
Emblems
Gestures with specific meaning
Kinesics - facial movement
- Facial Expression
* Quantity
* Type - Eye Movement
* Quantity
* Type
Quantity of Facial Expressions
Individual vs Collective orientation
a) Individualistic orientation – Australia,
Canada and U.S.
a) Collectivistic orientation – Japan and
Indonesia
Chronemics - clock vs event time
Study of human tempo as it relates to human communication
Clock Time - Time we read from our clock or watch.
Event Time - Focuses on event or activity, rather than time on the clock.
Chronemics - P vs M time
Monochronicity (M-time)
* View time as linear
* Take care of one event at a time
Polychronicity (P-time)
* View time holistically
* Attend to multiple events at the same time
