Cultural Deprivation Flashcards
what type of factor is cultural deprivation?
external
why is language seen as essential to education?
as the way parents communicate with their children affects their cognitive development and their ability to benefit from the process of schooling
what did Hubbs- tait et al find about language?
where parents use language that challenges children to evaluate their understanding/ability (eg. what do you think?) cognitive performance improves
what did feinstein find about language?
that educated parents are more likely to use praise
what did Bereiter and Engelmann claim about language?
that language used in lower-class homes is deficient
what did Basil Bernstein suggest?
that the working-class and the middle-class operate on different speech codes
What is the working class speech code?
the restricted code
what is the middle-class speech code?
the elaborated code
What does the restricted code consist of?
limited vocabulary
short, unfinished, gramatically simple sentences
possibly use gestures rather than words to explain meanings
context bound (assumes listener shares same experiences)
What does the elaborated code consist of?
wider vocabulary
more complex sentences
varied speech
communicating abstract ideas
context free (doesnt assume listener shares same experiences)
Why did the differences in speech codes give the middle-class an advantage?
as it was used by teachers, textbooks and exams
also because they learnt it in the home so they are already fluent in it by the time they start school, while working class children arent
What did Douglas find about working-class parents’ attitudes towards education?
Working-class parents placed less value on education by:
* Being less ambitious for their children
* Giving less encouragement
* Taking less interest in their education
* Visiting schools less often
* Being less likely to discuss children’s progress with teachers
According to Leon Feinstein, what is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement?
Parent’s own education
How do educated parents influence their children’s educational success?
Educated parents:
* Emphasize consistent discipline and high expectations
* Encourage active learning
* Are better able to facilitate exploration
Less educated parents:
*harsh or inconsistent discipline that emphasised doing as your told and behaving yourself
What do better-educated parents recognize regarding educational resources?
More aware of what is needed to assist their children
Recognise value of museums and libraries on education
Better able to give expert advice on learning
More sucessful at building relationships with teachers
What is a subculture?
A subculture is a group whose attitudes and values differ from those of the wider society
How do educated parents use their income more effectively?
Better educated parents use their income in ways that promote their child’s educational success
Have better understanding of nutrition and importance on development
What is fatalism as defined by Barry Sugarman regarding working-class subculture?
What do the middle class believe?
A belief that whatever will be, will be, and that individuals cannot change their fate.
This contrasts with middle-class beliefs that emphasize individual effort and control.
What is collectivism in the context of working-class subculture?
What do the middle class believe?
A belief in prioritizing the group over individual achievement.
Individuals should not be held back by group loyalties
What is immediate gratification?
What do the middle class believe?
Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices for future rewards.
Emphasises deferred gratification- making sacrifices now for greater rewards later
What characterizes a present-time orientation?
What do the middle class believe?
Emphasis on current pleasure over future planning and goals.
Have a future-time orientation that sees planning for the future as important
Why do the differences in subculture exist?
Middle-class jobs offer secure careers and prospects for continuous advancement
Working-class jobs are less secure with few promotion opportunities
What values do parents pass on to their children from different classes?
Middle-class values equip children for success, while working-class values often do not.
What is compensatory education?
Government education policies aimed at addressing educational disadvantages.
What is pupil premium?
When schools get given an extra £1300 per year, per disadvantaged child
What are Education Action Zones?
Programs set up to provide support in socially disadvantaged areas.
What is Sure Start?
Centres that provide integrated education care, family support, health services, and support with parental employment
What does Sure Start aim to improve?
The physical, intellectual, and social development of disadvantaged children.
How is cultural deprivation criticised?
Troyna and Williams—> the problem is not the child’s language but the schools attitude to it
Gaine and George —> criticise Bernstein for exaggerating the differences between speech patterns
Victim blaming —>theory blames children for their own failure and ignores inequalities built into system
Nell keddie —>says children are not culturally deprived just culturally different
What is cultural deprivation?
Working class families fail to socialise their children adequately so they lack the skills needed to do well in school
What did Callendar and Jackson find about working-class attitudes to debt?
Working-class individuals were more debt averse, viewing debt negatively, which made them 5 times less likely to apply to university.
This implies that the fear of debt significantly affects university application rates among working-class students.
How did statistics support Callendar and Jackson’s findings?
The number of UK university applicants fell by 8.6% in 2012 after an increase in tuition fees, with fear of debt explaining around 30% of this decline.
This statistic highlights the impact of financial concerns on educational choices.
What did Diane Reay find regarding working-class students and university applications?
Working-class students were more likely to apply to local universities to live at home and save on travel costs, resulting in fewer opportunities.
This behavior reflects the financial constraints and practical considerations influencing their education decisions.
