Cultural Deprivation

Question 1

what type of factor is cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

external

Question 2

why is language seen as essential to education?

Answer 2

as the way parents communicate with their children affects their cognitive development and their ability to benefit from the process of schooling

Question 3

what did Hubbs- tait et al find about language?

Answer 3

where parents use language that challenges children to evaluate their understanding/ability (eg. what do you think?) cognitive performance improves

Question 4

what did feinstein find about language?

Answer 4

that educated parents are more likely to use praise

Question 5

what did Bereiter and Engelmann claim about language?

Answer 5

that language used in lower-class homes is deficient

Question 6

what did Basil Bernstein suggest?

Answer 6

that the working-class and the middle-class operate on different speech codes

Question 7

What is the working class speech code?

Answer 7

the restricted code

Question 8

what is the middle-class speech code?

Answer 8

the elaborated code

Question 9

What does the restricted code consist of?

Answer 9

limited vocabulary

short, unfinished, gramatically simple sentences

possibly use gestures rather than words to explain meanings

context bound (assumes listener shares same experiences)

Question 10

What does the elaborated code consist of?

Answer 10

wider vocabulary

more complex sentences

varied speech

communicating abstract ideas

context free (doesnt assume listener shares same experiences)

Question 11

Why did the differences in speech codes give the middle-class an advantage?

Answer 11

as it was used by teachers, textbooks and exams

also because they learnt it in the home so they are already fluent in it by the time they start school, while working class children arent

Question 12

What did Douglas find about working-class parents’ attitudes towards education?

Answer 12

Working-class parents placed less value on education by:
* Being less ambitious for their children
* Giving less encouragement
* Taking less interest in their education
* Visiting schools less often
* Being less likely to discuss children’s progress with teachers

Question 13

According to Leon Feinstein, what is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement?

Answer 13

Parent’s own education

Question 14

How do educated parents influence their children’s educational success?

Answer 14

Educated parents:
* Emphasize consistent discipline and high expectations
* Encourage active learning
* Are better able to facilitate exploration

Less educated parents:
*harsh or inconsistent discipline that emphasised doing as your told and behaving yourself

Question 15

What do better-educated parents recognize regarding educational resources?

Answer 15

More aware of what is needed to assist their children

Recognise value of museums and libraries on education

Better able to give expert advice on learning

More sucessful at building relationships with teachers

Question 16

What is a subculture?

Answer 16

A subculture is a group whose attitudes and values differ from those of the wider society

Question 17

How do educated parents use their income more effectively?

Answer 17

Better educated parents use their income in ways that promote their child’s educational success

Have better understanding of nutrition and importance on development

Question 18

What is fatalism as defined by Barry Sugarman regarding working-class subculture?

What do the middle class believe?

Answer 18

A belief that whatever will be, will be, and that individuals cannot change their fate.

This contrasts with middle-class beliefs that emphasize individual effort and control.

Question 19

What is collectivism in the context of working-class subculture?

What do the middle class believe?

Answer 19

A belief in prioritizing the group over individual achievement.

Individuals should not be held back by group loyalties

Question 20

What is immediate gratification?

What do the middle class believe?

Answer 20

Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices for future rewards.

Emphasises deferred gratification- making sacrifices now for greater rewards later

Question 21

What characterizes a present-time orientation?

What do the middle class believe?

Answer 21

Emphasis on current pleasure over future planning and goals.

Have a future-time orientation that sees planning for the future as important

Question 22

Why do the differences in subculture exist?

Answer 22

Middle-class jobs offer secure careers and prospects for continuous advancement

Working-class jobs are less secure with few promotion opportunities

Question 23

What values do parents pass on to their children from different classes?

Answer 23

Middle-class values equip children for success, while working-class values often do not.

Question 24

What is compensatory education?

Answer 24

Government education policies aimed at addressing educational disadvantages.

Question 25

What is pupil premium?

Answer 25

When schools get given an extra £1300 per year, per disadvantaged child

Question 26

What are Education Action Zones?

Answer 26

Programs set up to provide support in socially disadvantaged areas.

Question 27

What is Sure Start?

Answer 27

Centres that provide integrated education care, family support, health services, and support with parental employment

Question 28

What does Sure Start aim to improve?

Answer 28

The physical, intellectual, and social development of disadvantaged children.

Question 29

How is cultural deprivation criticised?

Answer 29

Troyna and Williams—> the problem is not the child’s language but the schools attitude to it

Gaine and George —> criticise Bernstein for exaggerating the differences between speech patterns

Victim blaming —>theory blames children for their own failure and ignores inequalities built into system

Nell keddie —>says children are not culturally deprived just culturally different

Question 30

What is cultural deprivation?

Answer 30

Working class families fail to socialise their children adequately so they lack the skills needed to do well in school

Question 31

What did Callendar and Jackson find about working-class attitudes to debt?

Answer 31

Working-class individuals were more debt averse, viewing debt negatively, which made them 5 times less likely to apply to university.

This implies that the fear of debt significantly affects university application rates among working-class students.

Question 32

How did statistics support Callendar and Jackson’s findings?

Answer 32

The number of UK university applicants fell by 8.6% in 2012 after an increase in tuition fees, with fear of debt explaining around 30% of this decline.

This statistic highlights the impact of financial concerns on educational choices.

Question 33

What did Diane Reay find regarding working-class students and university applications?

Answer 33

Working-class students were more likely to apply to local universities to live at home and save on travel costs, resulting in fewer opportunities.

This behavior reflects the financial constraints and practical considerations influencing their education decisions.