Cultural Context

Question 1

What were the beliefs and ideologies found in pre-Communist Afghanistan? (4 points)

Answer 1

Traditional Afghan culture emphasised tribal and familial ties - preserving families’ social status and honour

Pashtunwali, the Pashtuns’ code of conduct, was followed by many Afghans, particularly in rural areas- emphasised hospitality, honor, and revenge

Islamic values were readily taught by parents and those who had the opportunity to attend school

Afghanistan’s diverse ethnic and religious landscapes along with the political turmoil led to variations in beliefs and practices ​

Question 2

What was the ideology of the Taliban? (4 points)

Answer 2

Mix of militant Islamism and Pashtunwali, Pashtun social and cultural norms​

They distorted Islamic principles to justify their oppressive laws and practices like the suppression of women’s rights

Viewed themselves as waging ‘jihad’ (a holy war) against foreign invaders like the US and other ‘enemies of Islam’​

Completely rejected Western influence in their governance, democracy and culture​

Question 3

What were the intentions of the Taliban? (2 points)

Answer 3

Establish Afghanistan as an Islamic state and enforce their own version of religious morality

Consolidate power within Pashtun-majority regions of Afghanistan – strong ties to tribal identity