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Cultural conflicts: Flashcards

1
Q

(Cultural) Conflicts: two theoretical approaches from IR theory

A
  • realism
  • idealism
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2
Q

Realism:

A
  • conflict as the basic pattern in society/politics/culture
  • conflict-focus: interculturality leads to differences and conflicts, even wars
  • clash of cultures
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3
Q

Idealism:

A
  • positive image of state of nature of human being
  • human beings are able to learn (culture) and use the reason
  • cooperation-focus: inter-culture, multi-culture, transculturality
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4
Q

Consequences of cultural touch

A
  • clash of cultures
  • cultural relation
  • cultural integration
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5
Q

Clash of cultures

A

Reason:
* feeling of threat
* interests in territory
or power or trade
* influences in inner
cultural structure
* violence,
discrimination

-> conflict, war,
diseases, extinction

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6
Q

Cultural relation

A
  • ongoing relations
    between the cultures,
    further encounters
  • balance of power
  • mediators
    (language, costums,
    behaviours, religion)
  • rather exceptional in
    history
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7
Q

Cultural integration

A
  • living together
  • intensive social
    penetration
  • interdependency
  • long term, over
    generations

-> creation of a new
(mixed) culture,
“acculturation”

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8
Q

Colonial hybrid

A

-> cultural mixture of experience of colonization, influences from colonializing
culture and rests of colonized cultures

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9
Q

Intercultural conflicts:

A

Reasons: Differences in or misunderstanding about values, believes, norms, perceptions,
goals, reactions, communication …

Two main types:
- soft conflicts (private and invisible)
- hard conflicts (social reactions)

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10
Q

The Social Disorganization Theory:

A

Criminal actions are a result of weakened social and cultural bonds
–> social disorganization

Reasons?
- Migration
- Industrialization and modernization
- Socio-economic discrimination
- Problems in communication (language)

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11
Q

The Cultural Deviance Theory:

A

Root cause of criminality:
Clash of values between groups over what is an acceptable behavior

The crime committing individual is influenced by the subculture:
- place
- people
- (sub)culture and dominant culture
- socioeconomic conditions (micro-environment)

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12
Q

Critique on the Cultural Deviance Theory:

A
  • hegemonic: dominant, “good” culture and deviant subcultures
  • discrimination of migrant subcultures and working-class subcultures
  • stigmatization and marginalization of already marginalized spaces
  • ignore positive effects of migration
  • not able to explain “white collar crime”
  • stereotyping
  • to big focus on the impact of culture on the individual
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13
Q

Stereotyping:

A
  • generalization and grouping of things and people
  • simplification of and structuring reality
  • orientation in a complex world
  • positive or negative connotations
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14
Q

Stereotype network:

A
  • stereotypes seen in the historical, socio-economic and social context
  • stereotypes are influenced by other stereotypes -> network

->all of them must therefore be included in the analysis/reflection

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15
Q

autostereotypes:

A

stereotypes of the social group about itself

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16
Q

heterostereotypes

A

stereotypes of another social groups about its own social
group, what do “they” think about “us”

17
Q

distancing stereotypes:

A

Stereotypes of its own social group about other social
groups, what do “we” think about “the

18
Q

psycho-hygienic function of stereotypes:

A

they offer possibilities for identification with the self, they are identity-
forming conscious or unconscious construction of strangeness, with the aim
of securing one’s own identity

19
Q

social function:

A

stereotypes create systems of exclusion and demarcation, the so-called in- and
outgroups. Often what is portrayed as foreign is additionally devalued to
enhance one’s own position.

20
Q

Prejudices

A

A prejudice is a quick judgement about someone, or something based on
a stereotype.

Prejudices are stable attitudes, attitudes towards groups or people who belong
to a group.

Prejudices are often not based on personal experience, but are adopted, even
if they are based on false or erroneous information

Prejudices can quickly become images of the enemy, but they do not automatically.
–> enemy images are images of “scapegoats”:

–> people or groups who are declared to be
enemies, even if this is not always done consciously or intentionally

21
Q

Direct discrimination:

A

discriminatory unequal treatment

22
Q

Indirect/hidden discrimination:

A

e.g. part-time work/women

23
Q

Structural discrimination

A

disadvantage of individual groups is rooted in the organisation of society,
e.g. patriarchal societies

24
Q

Institutional discrimination:

A

disadvantage is rooted in the organisation of an institution
e.g. at school, religion/church

25
Q

Multiple and intersectional discrimination

A

A person combines several characteristics that make him or her particularly
vulnerable to discriminatory treatment, e.g. minority and disability

26
Q

Xenophobia:

A

the devaluation of every “foreigner”

27
Q

Facing cultural differences or misunderstandings- 4 steps

A

1) Differentiate
2) De-schematize
3) Historicize
4) Contextualize

28
Q
  1. Differentiation
A
  • accepting and understanding differences/otherness
  • no judging
  • observing without polarizing
  • comparing without hierarchizing:
    –> explore the complex diversity of cultures without creating opposites or
    hierarchies
29
Q
  1. De-schematization
A

-> overcome thinking in simplified categories and schemes
e.g. nation cultures, stereotypes

-> overcome creation of oppositions:
instead of “neither one nor the other”:
both as-well

30
Q
  1. Historicize
A
  • thinking in historical dimensions
  • vertical perspective of cultural diversity:
  • cultural fragmentations and differences as a historical narrative/heritage that
    can be changed
  • and: roots of common things in history (universalism),
    positive outcomes of cultural influences and encounters
31
Q
  1. Contextualization
A
  • orientation in an over-informed, globalized world
  • questions the consideration of phenomena as “culture-specific” in terms of
    the contexts in which they arise and develop
  • discover other possible roots and interests behind:
    socio-economic, political, power
32
Q

Useful competences of a mediator:

A
  • empathy
  • impartiality
  • keen perception
  • self-awareness
  • background knowledge
33
Q

Other techniques in cross-cultural conflicts

A
  • Listen to learn or active listening
  • Build a golden bridge
  • Capitalize on shared interests
34
Q

Galtung’s triangle of violence: Direct violence

A
  • visible
  • physical or psychological
  • perpetrator and victim

Direct violence is what is normally understood as violence
(torture, murder, physical or psychological abuse, humiliation,
discrimination, …)

34
Q

Galtung’s triangle of violence: Structural violence:

A
  • rather invisible
  • social injustice and the structures that promote this injustice
  • expressed indirectly, no directly visible cause

According to Galtung, it occurs when people are influenced in such a way that they cannot fulfill themselves in the way that would be potentially possible.

(Apartheid, racial segregation laws, unjust social conditions, unequal access to
education/education, degrading living conditions, poverty, …)

35
Q

Galtung’s triangle of violence: Cultural or symbolic violence:

A
  • invisible
  • aspects of a social culture that legitimizes the use of direct or structural
    violence

Cultural and symbolic violence often manifests itself in attitudes and prejudices (racism, sexism, fascism, Islamophobia, …).

36
Q

Liberal peacebuilding:

A

State-led or by an
international organization
e.g.: United Nations Peacebuilding
Commission, * 2005

37
Q

The 3 steps in a peace-building process:

A
  1. Common vision about peace: What is peace?
  2. Which conditions have to be established for peace?
  3. Which strategies and methods are used to establish peace?
38
Q

The seven principles of peace education:

A
  1. Exemplary learning
  2. Contrasting and emphasizing
  3. Change of perspective
  4. Clarity and ability to perceive linkages
  5. Action-orientated
  6. Peer-orientated
  7. Empowerment

Cultural differences (4 decks)

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