Cultural Bias AO1 & AO3

Question 1

What are Emic Constructs?

Answer 1

Functions from w/in cultures and identifies behaviours specific to that culture

Question 2

What are Etic Constructs ?

Answer 2

Look at behaviour from outside a given culture, then attempts to describe those behaviours as universal

Question 3

Who established Etic and Emic Constructs?

Answer 3

Berry 1969

Question 4

Define Ethnocentrism

Answer 4

Judging other cultures by standards/values of ones own culture

Extreme Form - belief one culture is superior

Question 5

Define Cultural Relativism

Answer 5

Norms, values, ethic and moral standards can only be meaningful and understood w/in specific social and cultural contexts

Question 6

What suggests that cultural bias is less of a problem now?

AO3

Answer 6

Takano and Osaka (1999) found that 14 out of 15 studies that compare the US to Japan found no evidence of the distinction between individualism and collectivism - may be a simplistic distinction

Question 7

Why should it not be assumed that there is no such thing as universal behaviour?

AO3

Answer 7

Elkman suggests that basic facial expressions are the same for all humans and animals - full understanding requires both universal and variation among people.

Decreases validity

Question 8

Same knowledge and faith in scientific testing may not expand between cultures.
Why is this a problem?

AO3

Answer 8

Demand characteristics may be exaggerated when working with members of local population - adverse affect on research validity

Increases the internal validity