Cultural Bias Flashcards
Describe Henrich et al research into universality and bias
Reviewed 100s of students in leading psychology journals. 68% research PPS come from the US and 96% from industrialised nations.
WEIRD PPS (westernised, educated, industrialised, rich democracies)
Describe what Arnett found into universality and bias
Found 80% PPS were undergrad students studying psychology
What is ethnocentrism? (And extreme)
Judging other cultures by standards and values of ones own culture.
Extreme —> belief one’s culture is superior which leads to prejudice and discrimination towards other cultures. Eg. Ainsworths strange situation
Who did research into cultural relativism (Emic and etic)?
Berry
What is an ETIC
Studying behaviour from outside a culture
What is an EMIC approach
Studying behaviour from inside a culture
What is an imposed ETIC (attachment)
Studying behaviour inside ones culture and assumed ideal attachment type and method could be applied universally eg. Ainsworth strange situation.
Limitation (classic studies) (AO3)
Most influential studies in psychology are culturally biased.
Eg. Asch, milgram conducted experiments on exclusively US PPS (and in the main white and middle class)
Findings of social influence research should only be applied to individualist cultures
Counterpoint of classic studies as a limitation (AO3)
However increased media globalisation argues individualist collective distinction no longer applies.
14/15 studies that compared US and Japan found no evidence of individualist or collectivist cultures they described distinction as lazy and simplistic. Cultural bias may be less of an issue.
One strength of cultural psychology (AO3)
Cohen: study of how people are shaped by cultural experience.
Cultural psychologists strive to avoid ethnocentrism assumptions by taking on an Emic approach conducting research inside a culture. Cross-cultural research tends to focus on just two cultures instead of larger studies. Suggests modern are mindful of bias
