Cultural Flashcards
What did Bronfenbrenner believe about influences that shape our experiences and developments?
He believes that some influences that shape the experiences and developments are Proximal (direct influences on their experiences) or Distal (indirect)
Describe the most proximal system in bronfenbrenner’s model.
It is the context that the child’s directly involved in that influences their development)
Examples:
+Home (relationship with siblings and parents)/ if extended family lives there, that’s also part of it; +School (relationship with peers & teachers… being bullied will affect his/her development)
+Religious setting +Neighborhood (neighbors… who are they?); quality of relationship; is it open and communicative? Supportive?
Religious setting falls under which system in Bronfen’s model?
Microsystem - it’s proximal to a child
Describe the Mesosystem in bronfenbrenner’s model.
Double-headed arrows signify the relationship between the two microsystems interact to influence the child
Examples:
+Interaction between home & school; parent-teacher conference; does parent and teacher have good communication?; parent involvement in school is the blanket for educational system
How does the mesosystem of parent involvement influence the child?
Makes parent aware and learns more about where child is academically and socially; provide resources
+Can change the teacher’s perspective and treatment of a child (unconsciously or not)
A demanding parent can make a teacher treat a child worse - what is this an example of?
This is an example of mesosystem (negative)
T or F: A parent that is not involved in the school means there is no mesosystem (influence) for the child.
False - Doesn’t mean there is no mesosystem
Indirect influences that are settings and system that children are not directly involved in but still influences their development is considered what type of system?
Exosystem
How does a parent’s workplace affect child?
What type of system is this?
Exosystem
+Parents work a lot of hours, thus affecting the child’s meso system of not being involved in school; this ultimately affects the child’s development in school
+parents who hate their job (work-related stress) affects the child vs. the parent who love their job
Gender stereotypes that affect child’s choices, confidence, and skills is considered what type of system?
Macrosystem
Way of dress, foods, holidays celebrated are all examples of what type of culture?
Observable culture
What type of culture is the following: Rules themselves that aren’t observable, but can be noticed, such as Rules of Communication (Greeting someone).
Inferred
Eye contact is what type of culture?
Inferred rules
Collective or Individualism is what type of culture?
common values
What can a Collectivism teacher do to not leave individualistic children out?
+Balance activities that require Competition and Cooperation
+Provide or allow opportunities to talk about individual accomplishments
What can an Individualistic teacher do to not leave Collective children out?
Balance activities that require Competition and Cooperation
When criticizing students, do it in private to prevent losing “face”
In the circles of culture, what does Exceptionality mean?
Having the ability…
What does the Dominant culture have that the subordinate culture does not have?
Social, economic, political POWER
ESSAY QUESTION:
Draw your own circles of culture, using course material, what’s my own underlying norms values and culture; how would this influence me as a teacher? What type of expectations would I have of my students?
Based on these analysis, how would I not affect my students negatively?
Example:
+Race (subordinate affected me); SES (working class…)l religions; SES
-Clearly connect my analysis to the Course material –> use the -iceberg for rules of culture
Individualism vs. collectiveness (as a member of sub. Ethnic group, collectiveness)
-Underlying norms, values and assumptions that I developed based on my circles…
EXAM ANSWERS:
>Disidentification from school is due to the inconsistency between school and home cultural values (dom. White culture in school); so we can:
+Have MORE VARIETY (based on cooperation and competition)
+Emphasize that Intelligence is Malleable (combat stereotype threat)
+Examine own stereotypes identify specific strategies to reduce effects
+Specific things like calling on boy and girl; picking names out of a hat
What are the 3 components that measure SES?
SES is typically measured by 3 MAIN COMPONENTS:
- Income
- Level of Education
- Occupation (prestige and status)
What does it mean when the rich gets richer and the poor gets poorer?
-Inter-generational privilege (vicious cycle): my parent’s income level will affect the amount of education received
What is the easiest thing to break in the SES cycle?
Educational
+First in family to attend college breaks the cycle; one person will be the role model for children, cousins; etc…
What are the implications for teachers who know that a child is from a low SES but does well in class?
If the kid’s from low SES, but you see potential; knowing the parents work extended hours; etc… I can nudge them, help them fill applications; etc to help break the cycle; Educational is the easiest to break the cycle.
If we control for SES, what similarities and differences do we see in achievement scores between whites and blacks?
They will do equally well
What are the negative impacts of poverty in school?
Poor schools:
+Have fewer resources
Outdated textbooks; sharing textbooks
+Old, poorly maintained buildings
+Less-experienced teachers
Environment; lots of burn-out due to the hardships of tension; etc
+Encourage more rote learning (why?)
- Pre-school isn’t free unless it’s jump start
- Encountering things for the first time so it can be beyond the kid’s learning abilities; due to Stereotypes.
- For funding and performance index due to NCLB; How does Common Core shift the kids problem-solving skills?
+Provide environments not conducive to learning
- Can’t really provide it due to not have money
- Poor students tend to have poorer language development; middle class parents often speak to their children differently than parents in lower SES (more likely to issue orders than asking questions)
- Less cognitively stimulating environment (books; etc).
Steve is from a very low SES neighborhood and mom works 70 hours a week - he barely sees her, but when he does, she picks up books for him to read and allows him to stop doing chores in order to finish homework.
Julez is from a high SES area, but his mom and dad work 60 hours a week and he barely gets to see them - when he does, they don’t really ask about school or anything.
Who is more likely to do well in school?
Steve! Parent’s attitude towards education matters most.
Finding CREATIVE ways and resources to support their kids lead to supporting their kids which motivates them.
T or F: School related experiences and outcomes are related to Race & Ethnicity
True
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
> Race is a social construct that distinguishes groups of people based on physical characteristics.
> Ethnicity refers to social groups with a shared history, sense of identity, geography and cultural roots which may occur despite racial difference
What is a stereotype, and what are the effects?
COGNITIVE - SCHEMA
+Positive stereotype: Asians are good at math
-Effects: Teacher expects AA student to do well in a math unit, but she’s struggling… so the teacher might subconsciously think she’s just lazy or not as smart as others; leaders to DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT
What are the implications of stereotypes for teachers? Even if they are not consciously stereotyping?
Teachers need to be more aware of their own stereotypes and stereotypes that exist, even if they don’t believe it to be true.
As long as someone’s exposed to a stereotype, it is in operation.
What is Prejudice, and what are the effects?
Prejudice -> ATTITUDE
If the stereotypes DON’T get checked, it turns into Prejudice
- An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of his/her membership in a group.
- stereotypes and prejudice leads to discrimination
What is Discrimination, and what are the effects?
BEHAVIOR – Differential TREATMENT
Discrimination is the action – person may not even be aware they’re treating a group differently because of their stereotype and prejudice
Jody is black and she does not like Jim who is a white guy. Is this individualistic or institutional racism?
Describe the differences.
Individual racism - for it to be institutional, Jody would have to come from a race that is dominant and has Societal power
Define Institutional Racism - what is it based on?
The existence of systematic yet covert policies/practices that disadvantage certain racial or ethnic groups
- It is a SYSTEM that’s set-up to provide advantages to certain groups of people
- Institutional racism is usually based on Skin Color
Casper is a native-american student who fears doing well in school - he thinks he will be called a try-hard or sell-out; so he stops going to school. What is he affected by?
Casper’s affected by the Resistance culture - misidentification from school; feels like there’s nothing there for him.
Ms. Trudy passes out exams and goes to a table full of girls and says, “girls, let me know if you need help with the math problems” - what did she just do?
This subtle action, though attempts to be helpful, actually instilled Stereotype Threat in the girls - they will not fear confirming the negative stereotype and their anxiety might make them do worse.
In order for institutional racism to occur, what needs to be a prerequisite?
Societal Power
What’s the difference between Additive and Subtractive models of bilingual education?
What is the Goal for both of them?
Additive: Incorporating both the native and the new language
> Goal is to Maintain and Refine the native speaking abilities (L1) while adding the second language (L2)
Subtractive: Removing the native language to learn new language
> Goal is to Replace the native language (L1) with the second language (L2)
What type of model is English-Only immersion for bilingual education?
Subtractive - all of the academic skill instructions are in the student’s 2nd language (english)
What is Dual Immersion Program?
Is it additive or subtractive?
Dual immersion programs use both native and second language - following years, there will be a gradual increase in English for both Early and Late exit programs.
It is an additive program because it maintains the old language while adding the new language.
Describe the difference between Early and Late exit dual immersion programs.
Late Exit: lasts 5-6 years; starts off at 70-60% native language and so on.
Early Exit: lasts 2- 3 years; starts off at 50% native and english; year 2 may be reduced to 30% and so on until English only classroom
Describe Transitional programs.
Is it subtractive or additive?
Transitional programs (subtractive), aka Structured English Immersion.
Kids in the classroom receive 100% of instruction in English and will have pull-out programs for 30 minutes, where they receive instructions to specifically learn English or academic skills (goals are to improve English capabilities).
What’s the best program for learning ACADEMIC english (vs. conversational)?
Dual immersion - Late Exit; it takes about 5-7 years to develop academic fluency.
How long does it take to develop Conversational 2nd language?
Approx. 1-3 years.
Why are the Dual language Late Exit students better than native English language speakers?
Being fluent in 2 languages has cognitive benefits as long as no stigma is attached (no social isolation or being thrown in special education).
- Code Switching - Better at switching between different tasks (switching topics)
- Ignoring Distraction and peripheral information - better on Stroop task
T or F: Native English speakers outperform dual language speakers in cognitive tasks.
False - bilingual students outperform children in many cognitive tasks such as problem solving, analytical reasoning, concept formation
What is Prop 227?
It mandates a maximum of 1 year for LEP students to receive instruction in pull-out programs (transitional) - we know this type of program is not effective!
If parents want to apply for waivers for Prop 227 to give their kids an opportunity to stay in dual-immersion programs, what steps do they have to take?
- Need at least 20 students with wavers (AND same native language… so 20 spanish speakers)
- Re-apply every single year
Since there isn’t much things that the institution can provide for ESL students; what can teachers do to allow them to learn about but also feel included and connected?
+ peer tutoring/group work with bilingual students (done carefully)
+ provide as much translation as possible (bilingual aides)
+ look into online translation services/software
+ Bilingual Big Brother/Big Sister program
+ using community resources
+ look at different schools and their systems to see what they utilize
+ visual aids/ manipulatives
+ online language learning programs
+ have students teach about their culture
Why is it easier for girls to cross the gender boundaries?
There’s more flexibility for girls than boys - boys have harder time socially when not gender-normative.
Describe the Gender Schema Theory.
A child’s attention and behavior are guided by a motivation to conform to gender-based standards and stereotypes.
+expectations are schemes
+society’s beliefs shape the schemes
Noticeable when society’s scheme is operation
Ex: Saying a guy must be gay because he’s crying (more likely to assimilate than accommodate our pre-existing knowledge to this situation)
Overtime scheme becomes engrained due to society’s messages
When does gender preferences emerge?
When does it become rigid?
When does it become flexible again?
gender preference emerges at 3-4
it becomes rigid at age 5
flexible again at 9-10
Which of the following would have more rigid roles:
High SES
Low SES
Low SES is more rigid for gender roles
What’s the problem with the statistics that compare girls and boys for visuospatial ability?
Even though there IS statistical significance (large effect size; etc), most of the studies are based on large sample sizes and the small differences are magnified.
There is also a lot of overlap within subjects, indicating variation within each gender.
What is sexual orientation?
It is the identity that we base who we are attracted to.
Where do students hear most anti-gay slurs from?
The faculty or staff members themselves!
What type of trend is there regarding support services for the LGBT youth community?
Positive trend - there’s greater opportunities for socialization and self-affirmation
Which population feels the most unsafe at school?
Sexual orientation, THEN gender expression (makeup for boys/baggy clothes on girls), THEN body size or weight…
T or F: The highest rate of suicide for any group is the LGBT youth community.
True :(
How many states actually protect LGBT people?
9 - with employment and stuff
T or F: The U.S child poverty rate is decreasing compared to other Western industrialized countries.
False - U.S child poverty rates is 2-3x higher!!!
T or F: Poverty rates for children has steady declined from 1993 to present.
False - it declined from 1999 - 2000, but INCREASED since 2000! Fucking Bush.
With respect to bilingual education, who are “bilingial” students?
They are non-native speakers of English who aren’t yet fluent in English
What are other terms for bilingual students?
ESL
LEP - limited English proficiency
ELL - English language learners
