CUE case studies Flashcards
Urbanisation case study: Mumbai
- location
- growth 2023-24
- population (2024)
- located in the Maharashtra state, India. south of new Delhi along the west coast
- 1.77% increase
- 21.6m (megacity)
Mumbai’s national importance
- financial capital of India, home to the stock exchange
- home to India’s most specialised industries e.g. R+D, aerospace, computer engineering
- home to Bollywood
- large TNC’s are based here e.g. Tata steel and the State Bank of India
Mumbai employment stats:
- Mumbai accounts for what % of India’s exports?
- home to what % of India’s total manufacturing?
- 40%
- 10%
hyper- urbanisation
when an increase in the urban population is happening so rapidly that the city cannot keep up with the needs of the people
push factors from rural areas to Mumbai
- huge threat of flooding, where half a million become stranded during the worst floods
- dead bodies and cattle float into the water supply where people drink from (dirty water)
- 280 villages were completely isolated after recent flooding
- no relief for droughts
- corrupt government
- starvation
- lack of technical systems e.g. banks where only 1/3 have a bank
- lenders demand payments which forces farmers to sell their wives
pull factors from Mumbai
- education opportunities
- improved healthcare, access to hospitals
- improved water quality
- better job prospects e.g. leather makers, factory workers
- opportunity to work within the public sector
social and economic issues in Mumbai
- 1/2 population live in poverty
- over 1/4 of all Indias millionaires live in Mumbai
- education inequality- 60% literacy rate in dharavi, 90% in the whole city
- only 30% slum residents have access to healthcare
- high infant mortality rate (26/1000)
- chemur open air waste burning - 25% deaths in 2008-2010 related to lung issues
- HIV/AIDS increasing
environmental issues in Mumbai
- flooding due to the monsoon climate- average rainfall 960mm
- five rivers flown through Mumbai- July 2005 mithi river flooded leaving 400 homeless
- seismically active area although not common- low lying so susceptible to hurricanes
what is being done to make Mumbai more sustainable?
- 2004 gov announced redevelopment project to clear dharavi and replace with an independent township incl. hospitals, schools, offices etc however was rejected by residents
- incr water security by using rainwater harvesting systems on all residential buildings larger than 300m2- however only half of eligible buildings have done this since 2007
- world bank gave $1billion to improve public transport systems. many families had to relocate however
- clean up Mumbai campaign- shows individuals and shopkeepers how to recycle
- national AIDS control organisation runs condom protection programmes to reduce HIV rates
- increasing cctv cameras
- lighting up streets
- solar panels on roofs
DHARAVI:
- where in Mumbai?
- population
- average income
- how much rev does it generate
- how many businesses?
- religion breakdown
- between Mumbais two main suburban railway lines- the western and the central railway
- 1.2 million- 277,000 per km2
- $10/ month
- $700,000/ year
- 5000
- 63% hindu, 30% muslim, 6% christian
key issues in dharavi
- overcrowding
- sewage in water supply
- lack of sanitation
- poor quality housing
jobs in dharavi
- leather maker
- pottery maker
- rag picker
- wax painter
- plastic recycler
- brick makers
conditions in dharavi
- crowded and cramped
- 800 ml of untreated sewage released into the mithi per day
- 1 toilet/ 1000 people
- over 1000 employed in recycling- over 80% of waste is recycled in dharavi
- homes make of corrugated iron, plastic sheeting
what is counter- urbanisation? when did it begin?
the movement of people from urban areas into the rural areas surrounding the town/ city beyond the green belt.
- began in the 60s and by 1990 the net movement of ppl was 1700 per year
when were green belts established?
1950s to prevent physical growth and 2 towns meeting. meant suburbs soon became full with little land left for new developments
what factors helped counter- urbanisation
- technological change- working from home, emails, phones etc
- freezers
- easier commuting
- urban renewal processes meant inner city residents forced to leave and moved beyond the city in overspill settlements
ST IVES CASE STUDY
- where is it?
- population
- why is it in a good place
st ives is located in Cambridgeshire, 70 miles north of London and 18 miles from Cambridge along the A14.
- 17,100 (2021), 1961= 3800
- good road links for easy and quick commuting
push factors of Cambridge/ London
- expensive to repair old houses
- traffic congestion
- parking shortages
- retirement
- high crime
pull factors of st ives
- technological improvements meant firms moved to st ives to create new jobs
- 200 planned new homes. 75 council
- plans to expand primary schools- 240 new places
- peaceful and quieter
- bigger houses, larger gardens
- housing more affordable
- less pollution
positive consequences for st ives
- increasing shops and cafes
- migrants bring their businesses and create jobs
- £116m guided busway linking st ives to Cambridge and Huntingdon. reduces congestion
- home owners benefit from increased property value
- flood protection £8.8m completed along the great river ouse in 2007
negative consequences for st ives
- population structure shifts- more under 16s now than over 65s
- house prices increased £130k-£210k from 2000-2010
- new developments built on great river ouse- 1000 at risk of flooding
- roads congested
- loss of community
- green belt being built on
urban resurgence
the process of movement of ppl back into old inner city areas which have been redeveloped. there are two main processes:
- gentrification
- large scale investment
gentrification
the processes of upper and middle class families moving into once lower income and poorer areas and redoing homes, displacing original residents and communities
NOTTING HILL CASE STUDY
- location
- average house prices of flat, semi-detached and terrace
- central London within the same borough as Kensington and Chelsea, surrounded by Islington and Fulham
- flat= £1.6m
- semi- detached= £7.5m
- terraced= £3m
process of gentrification in Notting Hill
- originally called dale and completed mid 19th century into grand houses on brickfields
- character changed after ww11 where divided into flats and landlords forced high prices to those who were predominantly from the wind rush generation
- 1950s racial tensions
- 1960s began to be gentrified by young professionals who did them up and added immense value
- mature gentrification in 1980s and 90s as private sector professionals moved in and prices are now enormously high
Newington green - islington small scale gentrification
- 83% white
house prices?
- flat= £600k
- terraced= £1.4m
- detached= £2.6m
positives of gentrification for Newington green?
- property prices risen by 80% in the last 5 years, good for homeowners
- crime decreased and have safer streets police force
- national upturn in pride of place
negatives of gentrification for Newington green?
- increasing white upper and middle class making it harder for diversity to occur
- Newington green action community thought the Turkish community influenced prostitiutes and burglars however this was false and due to prejudice. racism is occurring increasingly
deindustrialisation
the decline of industry within a country, usually measured by the reeducation in industry employment.
for the UK, it began in the mid 20th century
decentralisation
as the inner city areas declined, new investment went to the edge of cities (1970s)
deindustrialisation occurs for 3 reasons
- mechanisation
- competition from abroad
- reduced demand for traditional products
SHEFFIELD CASE STUDY
- where is the AMP?
- why is it in a good place?
- the AMP is located approx 10km east of Sheffield centre along the A360
- in a good place as lots of surrounding land, near M1, close to workers, railway off the prince of Wales road
process of deindustrialisation in Sheffield:
- when did factory closured begin
- unemployment rate from 1978- 1984
- how much did the workforce reduce by in 1984?
- began in the 70s through to the 80s. this is due to a mainly declining steel industry due to comp from abroad
- 1978= 4%
- 1984= 16%
- reduced by 24%
how can decentralisation be seen in Sheffield?
- there was a shift of jobs to the service sector as it was realised that the path to prosperity was to switch to advanced manufacturing
- the AMP accelerated growth of the lower don valley which attracted investment back into the city
AMP:
-how large is it
- where is it
- when was it founded
- the amp is a 100 acre site on the Sheffield- Rotterdam border In North Yorkshire
- founded 2004 in joint partnership with Boeing. it was a £100m partnership
what does the AMP focus on producing?
materials and structures including metallics and composites used frequently in aerospace, automotives, medical devices and power generation
successes of the AMP?
- £100m partnership with Boeing
- Sheffields unemployment rate has been decreased since
- boeing 787 dreamliner
- military and commercial planes
- £50m partnership with mcclaren F1- 200 jobs created
- provides new space for start up businesses and all of these firms have a fixed money contribution
what issues can still be seen in Sheffield?
- long term unemployment as lack skill set for new jobs
- service jobs created are often exploitative zero hours contracts and have not made up for the loss of jobs in manufacturing
- inner city locations have been avoided and are still run down- further inner city decline
- 57th most deprived local authority
- unemployment is still high at 3.9% but below UK average at 4.3%
urban policy
strategies used by the local or national government to develop urban areas and reduce urban issues. they have arisen since 1979 at the peak of deindustrialisation
URBAN REGENERATION POLICIES: LONDON DOCKLANDS
urban development corporations (1980s)
- what did they focus on?
- focussed on attracting investment and new businesses to improve the environment
