Ctyokines

Question 1

two examples of what cytokines can stimulate in immunity

Answer 1

inflammation, haematopoiesis, (chemokines can recrui immune cells

Question 2

distances cytokines act over, timespan and concentrations

Answer 2

(generally short distances), short timespans (transcripts are short lived+ expression ceases when stimulus abates), low concentrations.

Question 3

example of a constituitveily produced cytokine

Answer 3

TGF-B, in ECM, but needs to become activated

Question 4

Regulating cytokines

Answer 4

IL-10, TGF-B, also IL-4 (implicated in induction of Tregs, helps upregulate Foxp3 expression through STAT6 induction).

Question 5

Three main functions of Interleukins

Answer 5

gorwth and fdifferentiation, inflammation, regulatory

Question 6

Interleukins that act synergistically to induce B cell class switching

Answer 6

IL-4 and IL-5

Question 7

what cytokines act antagonistically in B cells to block/ induce IgE

Answer 7

Il-4 for, IFN-y against

Question 8

Cytokines macrophages would make in response to bacteria

Answer 8

TNF-a, IL-1, Il-6, IL8 (helps neutrophils , basophils and T cell recruitment), and IL-12 activates NK cells and induces diff of CD4 into Th1.

Question 9

differences between hormones and cytokines

Answer 9

hormones: secreted from glands, not always proteins. Present at higher concentrations. Other effects not related to the immune system- development, behaviour and reproduction. Larger? More specific target cells?

Question 10

low, intermediate, and high affinity IL-2 receptors?

Answer 10

low: IL-2Ra (CD25), intermediate: IL2Ra, Il2-RB (CD122). hihg: (IL2Ra + B + gamma chain.

Question 11

low, intermediate, and high-affinity IL-2 receptors?

Answer 11

low: IL-2Ra (CD25), intermediate: IL2Ra, Il2-RB (CD122). hihg: (IL2Ra + B + gamma chain.

Question 12

What state is inactive TGF-B in?

Answer 12

In a LAP dimer within the ECM, then is bound to LTBP.

Question 13

3 forms of cytokine related diseases

Answer 13

SCID e.g. IL7R deficiency (T-B+ NK+). deficiency in IFN-y susceptible to mycobacterial. Bacterial sepsis, overproduction of cytokines.

Question 14

6 cytokines involved in the endothelial loop in a cytokine storm

Answer 14

IL-1, TNF-a, IFNa/B, IFN-y, IL-6 and CCL2 (sustains and amplifies cell recruitment and subsequent inflammation)

Question 15

what T-cell lineage differentiation does IL-6 promote?

Answer 15

Promotes differentiation of Th17 cells

Question 16

what cells express CCR6? and what is its ligand?

Answer 16

T cells and ILCs, as well as DCs (and maybe B cells)- ligand is CD20.

Question 17

what T cell response does Il-18 favour? What effects on NK T cells?

Answer 17

Favours a Th1 response, by helping to upregulate Th1 IFN-y expression. Along with IL-2 (and absence of Il-12) Il-18 stimulates NK cells to upregulate type 2 IL-3, Il-9 and Il-13).