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Quiz 2 > CTO Quiz 2: Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

CTO Quiz 2: Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of Cartilage

A

1) Structural support of soft tissues
2) Shock absorption between joints
3) Reduce friction between joint surfaces
4) Role of growth and development in long bone

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1
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A 
1) Connective Tissue Proper
	Loose, Dense (Regular and Irregular)
2) Connective Tissues with Special Properties
	Adipose, Elastic, Hematopoietic, Mucous
3) Supporting Connective Tissues
	Cartilage, Bone
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2
Q

Components of Cartilage (cells)

A

chondroblasts–>chondrocytes

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3
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

1) Hyaline
2) Elastic
3) Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Type 2 collagen, elastic fibers
flexible
yellow- due to elastin

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5
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A 
Most common
Type 2 collagen
Embryo skeleton
Ephiphyseal plates of long bones
holds a lot of water
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6
Q

Hyaline Locations

A 
Articular surfaces of moveable joints (**articular cartilage is a type of hyaline)
Ends of ribs
Respiratory passages
Nose
Larynx
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7
Q

Locations of Elastic Cartilage

A

ear
Eustachian tube
epiglottis of larynx

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8
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Type 1 collagen
flexible strength
dense CT
resists tension and shearing forces

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9
Q

Fibrocartilage Locations

A

Intervertebral and articular discs
menisci of knee
pubic symphysis

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10
Q

Formation of Cartilage

A

mesenchymal cells (with transcription factor SOX-9)–> chondroblasts–> produce matrix–> chondrocytes (inside lacuna)

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11
Q

Isogenous Nests

A

chondrocytes undergo mitosis- when multiple daughter cells are in one lacuna (eventually get separated by matrix)

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12
Q

Perichondrium

A

dense CT outer layer of most cartilage (except articular and fibrocartilage)
source of nutrition
inner layers contain chondrogenic cells- can become chondroblasts

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13
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

new cartilage added in middle

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14
Q

Appositional growth

A

new cartilage added at edge

fibroblast–>chondrogenic cells–>chondroblast–>chondrocyte (inner perichondrium differentiation)

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15
Q

Hyaline Articular Cartilage

A

no perichondrium
cannot repair easily
ex- shoulder

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17
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

breakdown and loss of cartilage on articular joint surfaces
bone spurs

risk factors- obesity, women, older than 45, joint injury, heredity
treatment- pain and anti-inflammatory meds, exercise, weight loss, joint replacement

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18
Q

Components of Bone (cells)

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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18
Q

Epiphysis

A

expanded end with articular cartilage

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19
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

medullary cavity- osteoclastic activity

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20
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

area where growth occurs in young bones

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21
Q

Periosteum

A

dense connective tissue layer covering bone

22
Q

Sharpey’s Fibers

A 
collagen fibers that extend into the bone and are continuous with the collagen fibers of the bone matrix
function to anchor periosteum to the bone
23
Q

Periosteum

A

dense connective tissue layer covering bone

inner fibrous outter layer containing osteoprogenitor cells

24
Q

Endosteum

A

thinner layer on the inside of bone

contains cells that can proliferate as osteoblasts

25
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

stem cells found on external and internal surfaces of bone (perosteum and endosteum)
have capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts
active during bone and growth repair

27
Q

Osteoblasts

A

found on the surfaces of bone
produce and secrete organic components of bone matrix (osteoid)
active (round) or inactive (flat)
become osteocytes when surrounded by matrix

28
Q

Osteocytes

A

are completely surrounded by matrix within lacunae
function to maintain the bone matrix
have cytoplasmic processes within canaliculi that serve as communication links with other cells via gab junctions
function to maintain bone matrix- bone grows from appositional growth, not interstitial (because calcified)

29
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large motile multinucleated cells derived from blood monocytes
responsible for bone resorption
develop from hematopoietic cells (fusion of monocytes)

29
Q

Resorption of Bone

A

osteoclasts- multi nuceated
ruffled border- region that contains infoldings of the plasma membrane and is directly involved in resorption
clear zone- surrounds periphery of ruffled border and is where the osteoclast firmly adheres to bone matrix- is devoid of organelles, rich in actin filaments
hydrolytic enzymes (including acid phosphataseare released from lysosome into the clefts between the processes of the ruffled border
degraded minerals and organic components are endocytosed and delivered to nearby capillaries

30
Q

Trabeculea

A

bars and spicules of bone

in spongy bone there are gaps between trabeculae filled with bone marrow

31
Q

Immature Bone

A

first bone that is formed in fetus or during repair

many osteocytes, low mineral content, irregular array of collagen fibers

32
Q

Mature Bone

A

secondary, lamellar
majority of adult bone
collagen fibers are arranged in lamellae that are either parallel or circumferentially arranged
spongy bone typically parallel, compact typically circular

33
Q

Osteon (Haversian System)

A

lamellae are arranged in circular pattern around a central canal containing artery and vein
lamellae are layed down by concetnric layers of osteocytes
angles of fibers to add strenght to matrix
lacunae containing osteocytes are found between layers
canaliculi connect adjacent lacuna

34
Q

Volkman’s Canals

A

contain blood vessels of adjacent Haversian systems to connect them
organized just below endosteum and periosteum
connect haversian cannals with periosteum and bone marrow

35
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

oldest part of bone
fill up spaces between osteons and circumferential lamellae
remnants of prior osteons that were partially removed by osteoclasts

36
Q

Cicumferential Lamellae

A

organization of lamellar bone at outter and inner aspect of bone- just beneath periosteum and endosteum
parallel to bone surface and surround entire bone in circumferential manner

37
Q

Components of Cartilage (fibers)

A

collagen (1 and 2), elastic

38
Q

Components of Cartilage (ground substance)

A

glycosaminoclycans- hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate

proteoglycans- chondronectin, stain darkly

39
Q

Components of Bone (fibers)

A

type 1 collagen

40
Q

Components of Bone (ground substance)

A

proteoglycans
glycoproteins- osteonectin, osteocalcin

calicified extracelllar matrix

41
Q

General Functions of Bone

A

provides supportive framework for softer tissues of body
serves as site of attachment for muscles to produce movement (site of attachment for ligaments and muscles)
protects vital organs
bone marrow-site of hematopoiesis
provides reservoir of calcium and phosphate

42
Q

Structures of Bones

A 
bone tissue
hematopoietic tissue
adipose tissue
cartilage
blood vessels
nerves
43
Q

Metaphysis

A

flared part of shaft of long bone

44
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

top of bone, no periostium so no appositional growth, can do some interstitial growth

45
Q

Short Bone

A

ex carpias of wrist

46
Q

Flat Bone

A

ex parietal bone

47
Q

Irregular Bones

A

ex vertebrae

48
Q

Microscopic Organization of Bone

A

immature- can have irregular matrix, primary bone is bone first formed in fetus or during repair
many osteocytes, low mineral content, irregular array of collagen fibers
mature (aka secondary or lamellar bone)- highly organized regular matrix, majority of adult bone, uses gap junctions to pass nutrients back and forth,
collagen fibers arranged in lamella that are either parallel or circumfrentially arranged
spongy (cancelous) bone typically parallel, compact bone typically circular (osteons)

49
Q

Macroscopic Organization of Bone

A

compact- very dense, strong, high percentage of weight, low percentage of space
spongy- spong like (trabaculae/bars/spinacules of bone filled with marrow), not as strong, low weight, high percentage of space

50
Q

Haversian Canal

A

center of osteon
contains vessels (artery and vein) and nerves
location of nutrient transport

51
Q

Osteogenesis

A

formation of one
occurs in embryo to form bony skeleton
occurs during adolescence for growth
occurs during adulthood for remodeling and repair

53
Q

Bone Formation

A

molecular signals after genetic expression at appropriate times–> bone formation
2 types- both form primary bone through trabecular network (spicules first)- intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Quiz 2 (6 decks)

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