CTEV

Question 1

Most common congenital foot deformity

Answer 1

CTEV

Question 2

Deltoid ligament is

Answer 2

Medial collateral ligament of ankle.

Question 3

Spring ligament connect

Answer 3

Anterior end of calcaneum to the navicular

Question 4

Spring ligament connect

Answer 4

Anterior end of calcaneum to the navicular

Question 5

Interossious ligament connect

Answer 5

Talus and calcaneum

Question 6

Capsula ligament are thickend portions of

Answer 6

Capsule of talo navicular, naviculo cuneiform and cuneiform-metatarsal joint.

Question 7

Plantar ligaments are

Answer 7

Ligaments extending from the plantar surface of calcaneum to the foot giving raise to longitudinal arc of foot.

Question 8

Tendons related to pathology of club foot

Answer 8

Medial side of foot.
Tibialis posterior
FDL
Tibial artery and nerve
FHL

Question 9

Most important muscle related to pathology of club foot

Answer 9

Tibialis posterior

Question 10

What are the various foot deformities

Answer 10

1. Equinus - deformity where foot is fixed in plantar flexion
2. Calcaneus - deformity where foot is fixed in dorsi flexion.
3. Varus - the foot is inverted and adducted at mid tarsal joints so the sole faces inward.
4. Valgus - foot is everted and abducted at the midtarsal joints so that the sole faces outwards.
5. Cavus - the longitudinal arch of the foot is exaggerated.
6. Planus - the longitudinal arch is flattened
7. Splay -the transverse arch is flattened

Question 11

Pathological features in bone

Answer 11

Bone of foot are smaller than normal
Neck of talus is angulated
Calcaneum is small and concave medially

Question 12

Pathology of joint in clubfoot

Answer 12

Deformity occur from malposition of joint.

1. Equinus occur primarily at ankle joint
2. Inversion occur primerly at the sub talar joint
3. Fore foot adduction occur at mid tarsal joint mainly at talo navicular joint.
4. Forefoot cavus deformity is the result of excessive arching of foot at midtarsal joint.

Question 13

Pathology of muscles and tendons

Answer 13

Muscles of calf are under developed.
Following muscles - tendon unit are contracted
1. Posteriorly- Tendoachilles
2. Medially - Tibialis posterior,FDL& FHL

Question 14

Pathology of capsule and ligaments

Answer 14

All ligamentous structures on the posteromedial side of foot are shortened.

1. Posterior -posterior capsule of ankle joint,Posterior capsule of subtalar joint, Posterior talo fibular and calcanio fibular ligament.
2. Medially - deltoid ligament, spring ligament, talo navicular ligament
3. Plantar - plantar fascia and plantar ligaments
4. Others -interossious ligament between talus and calcaneum

Question 15

Secondary changes

Answer 15

Changes occur in the foot if the child starts working on the deformed feet.
Weight bearing exaggerates the deformity
Callosities and bursae over the body prominents on the lateral side of the foot.