CTB1

Question 1

lamina lucida

Answer 1

right above basement membrane-has adhesive glycoproteins like integrins connecting it to basal cell membrane

Question 2

lamina densa

Answer 2

top part of basement membrane has type 4 collagen

Question 3

reticular lamina

Answer 3

bottom part of basement membrane. connect to connective tissue below. type 3 collagen

Question 4

Cilia

Answer 4

hairlike extensions come off apical surface into lumen. motile due to dynein motor molecule connected to microtubule doublet. Dynein cleaves ATP. seen in respiratory system, tails of sperm

Question 5

Microvilli

Answer 5

absorptive properties, increase surface area-seen in small intestine, kidney. core of actin that goes into horizontal actin terminal web below. villin anchors at top, nonmotile

Question 6

stereocilia

Answer 6

unusually long microvilli. only found in epididymis (male reproductive tract, ducts deferent (male repro) inner ear (not male repro)

Question 7

Gland secretions

Answer 7

down growths of epithelial tissue. exocrine have ducts, endocrine don’t. Mucous (thick and sticky) serous (thin and watery). goblet cells are unicellular glands and do not have duct system

Question 8

cytoskeleton

Answer 8

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 9

actin microfilaments

Answer 9

core of microvilli, network that determines cell shape (terminal web) cell motility by polymerizing, contractile ring for cell division(with myosin) THIN

Question 10

intermediate filaments

Answer 10

stabile (non-motile) elements. provide support. link to intercellular junctions so cells don’t rupture when stretched. prominent in keratin and glial cells. thicker than actin, thinner than microtubules

Question 11

microtubules

Answer 11

tread milling, tracks for movement of organelles in cytoplasm. arise from centrosome near nucleus (centrosome is 2 centrioles=microtubule organizing center) work with kinesis and dynein

Question 12

Tight junction/occluding junction

Answer 12

zonula occludens. seals gap between epithelial cells. fence between apical and basolateral surfaces. made of claudin and occludin proteins which are linked to ZO proteins, which are linked to actin=helps with polarity

Question 13

adherens junction

Answer 13

zonula adherens connects actin filament bundle in one cell with next, linked to actin by cadherin adhesion molecules

Question 14

desmosome

Answer 14

macula adherent. connects intermediate filaments in one cell with next. linked by cadherin adhesion molecules. spots not bands

Question 15

gap junction

Answer 15

allows passage of water soluble molecules, ions, second messages (like CAMP) via connexon channels (connexin proteins forming pore)

Question 16

hemidesmosome

Answer 16

anchors intermediate filaments in cell to extracellular matrix. linked with integrins (NOT CADHERINS)

Question 17

actin-linked cell-matrix adhesion

Answer 17

focal adhesions. linked with integrin. anchors actin in cell to extracellular matrix

Question 18

agonist drugs

Answer 18

mimic natural agonists by binding to a receptor and switching it on (drugs often have more significant response than natural agonists)

Question 19

antagonists

Answer 19

“blockers” bind to cell’s receptors and block access from agonists in body

Question 20

Ri, Ra

Answer 20

Receptor in inactive and active conformation. Ra without ligand is constitutive activity

Question 21

steroid receptor

Answer 21

only cytoplasmic receptor. lipid soluble chemical (like a steroid hormone) crosses plasma membrane and binds intracellular receptor. Can then go into nucleus to stimulate transcription This uptake into the nucleus is facilitated by nuclear localization signal (NLS) found in the hinge region of the receptor. This region of the receptor is covered up by heat shock proteins (HSPs) which bind the receptor until the hormone is present. Upon binding by the hormone the receptor undergoes a conformational change releasing the HSP, and the receptor together with the bound hormone enter the nucleus to act upon transcription. so steroid hormones alter synthesis of proteins

Question 22

cytokine receptors

Answer 22

signal binds extracellular domain. receptor dimerizes which STATS bind receptor, phosphorylated by JAKs, dimerize and go to nucleus–> regulate transcription

Question 23

Enzyme-linked receptors

Answer 23

ex: epidermal growth factor. ligand binds EC domain which causes receptor to go into dimeric state activates cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase. this receptor is exploited in cancer! big cancer drug target

Question 24

Ion Channel

Answer 24

ligand binds and trans membrane ion channel opens. ex: neurotransmitters ex: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. often many subunits

Question 25

G protein coupled receptor

Answer 25

increase [ ] of intracellular second messengers. 7-trans membrane receptors . N-(start) terminal extracellular, C (end) -terminal intracellular

Question 26

simple squamous

Answer 26

single layer flat cells . thinness is essential for gas exchange. line blood vessels (endothelium) body cavities (mesothelium)

Question 27

simple cuboidal

Answer 27

single layer. tall=wide=deep. FOCUS ON SEALING sealing, transport, absorption, secretory. collecting tubules of kidney, liver, endocrine glands

Question 28

simple columnar

Answer 28

single layer, taller than wide. sealing, transport, absorptive, secretory. intestine, endocrine, exocrine, proximal tubules of kidney

Question 29

stratified squamous

Answer 29

multiple layers. basal layer is cuboidal, middle is flat, 2-3 most apical layers are squamous. strong and protect from abrasion. skin, digestive tract, esophagus, vocal chords, vagina

Question 30

stratified cuboidal

Answer 30

many cuboidal layers. rare. larger ducts of some exocrine glands.

Question 31

stratified columnar

Answer 31

LARGEST ducts of exocrine glands, anorectal junction

Question 32

pseudo stratified columnar

Answer 32

all cells touch basal lamina. some extend to lumen. respiratory epithelium, ductus epididymis in male reproductive system

Question 33

transitional

Answer 33

larger cuboidal on apical, smaller on basal, can accommodate TREMENDOUS stretching-bladder, ureters, upper urethra.